
Class 




Book 


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WHAT A SOLDIER SHOULD KNOW 



WHAT A SOLDIER 
SHOULD KNOW 

THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 



BY 
MAJOR F. C. BOLLES 

3rd Infantry, U. S. Army 

CAPTAIN E. C. JONES 

Medical Dept., U. S. Army 
AND 

CAPTAIN J. S. UPHAM 

3rd Infantry, U. S. Army 




WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 

MAJOR-GENERAL HUGH L. SCOTT 

Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army 



ILLUSTRATED 



Garden City New York 

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 

1918 



(13 



Copyright, 1915, by 

F. C. Bolles, E. C. Jones, 

and J. S. Upham 

Copyright, 1916, by 

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 

All rights reserved, including that of 

translation into foreign languages, 

including the Scandinavian 






/l*4 *-** 



Contents 



PACE 

Introduction ix 



CHAPTER 



I. Rifle and Equipment 3 

II. Infantry Drill Regulations 27 

III. Signaling 59 

IV. Rules of Land Warfare 67 

V. Army Regulations and Discipline .... 73 

VI. Discipline and Saluting 85 

VII. Bayonet Combat - . . . . 89 

VIII. History of the United States ..... 94 

IX. Firing Regulations 102 

X. First Aid to Wounds 128 

XL Camp Sanitation and Personal Hygiene . . 146 

XII. Venereal Disease 159 

XIII. Guard Manual 165 

Index 175 



List of Half-Tone Illustrations 

FACING PAGE 

Artificial Respiration 

Position of operator (picture No. 20) 142 

. Position of patient (picture No. 21, 22, 23) 140 

Bloodvessels 

Arm (picture No. 2) 130 

Body (picture No. 1) 128 

Leg (picture No. 8) 132 

Drowning 

Removing water from lungs (picture No. 19) 138 

Removing person from water (picture No. 26) 140 

Position for giving first aid (20, 21, 22, 23) 142, 140 

First Aid Packet 

Application of (picture No. 13) 186 

Contents of (picture No. 12) 134 

Improper application of (picture No. 14) 136 

Fractures, Splints and Slings for 

Arm (picture No. 15) 136 

Forearm (picture No. 16) 136 

Leg (picture No. 17) 138 

Thigh (picture No. 18) 138 

Hemorrhage, Arterial 
Places to make pressure 

Arm (picture No. 2) 130 

Arm pit (picture No. 11) 134 

Forearm (picture No. 2, 7) 130 

Foot (picture No. 8, 9) 132, 134 

Hand (picture No. 2, 7) 130 

Head (picture No. 5) 132 

Leg (picture No. 8, 9) 132, 134 

Neck (picture No. 10) 134 

Thigh (picture No. 8) 132 

Venous (picture No. 3) 132 

Infantry Equipment, Model 1910 ~ . 18 

Ingrowing Nails 

Proper trimming of (picture No. 24) 142 

Improper trimming of (picture No. 25) 142 

Slings (See fractures) 

Splints (See fractures) 

Tourniquets 

Application of (picture No. 6, 8) 130, 132 

Composition of (picture No. 2) 130 

vii 



Introduction 

By Major-General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A. 

The conditions under which modern wars are fought are 
ever making increasing demands on the individual soldier. The 
size of armies has increased beyond all previous conception; 
methods of leadership have been perfected but due to the in- 
creased difficulties in the control of men in fire swept areas, 
this leadership must be carried so far as to be almost automatic 
after the intention of the leader has been announced, or until 
a new order is signalled. The individual soldier must know how 
to interpret accurately orders and signals, for the enemy's fire 
may often so isolate him from his leader and comrades, perhaps 
only a step away, that he may be thrown on his own initiative 
in making his actions conform to those of the whole line; he may 
have to use his own judgment in opening fire, in advancing, in 
intrenching; he may have to prepare his own food, to dress 
his own wound unaided, or assist a wounded comrade. 

The officer must be well trained to prepare his command for 
such a test. In doing so he trains individual soldiers and finally 
moulds them into an organization, which he handles as a unit 
or as a combination of units. 

This training of the individual, if complete, means the develop- 
ment of discipline and character as well as the physical develop- 
ment of the soldier, training in the care and effective use of the 
weapons issued, individual sanitation, and the ability to care 
for one's self in camp, in the field, and in the trenches. 

Are we willing to place our sons in such a position untrained, 
undisciplined, ignorant of how to advance under fire, how to 
use cover, how to properly use their arms, how to intrench when 
further advance has been halted, how to stem the flow of blood 
from a wound which a trained soldier might have avoided? 
What government wishes to force its untrained youth forward 
to such a sacrifice? A nation which plans to combat disciplined 
troops with raw or partially trained levies, must send forward 

ix 



x INTRODUCTION ; 

an army at least twice that of the enemy; must stand ready to 
give liberally from its manhood to replace frightful losses, and 
even then have no guarantee of success. 

It is the fundamental duty of the state to provide for its de- 
fense; to have sufficient trained men available for the purpose 
because it is no less than murder for a nation to permit its youth 
untrained to war in the modern sense to enter battle to-day. 

It is likewise the duty of every citizen to fit himself by means 
of the opportunities which the government should offer, and so 
be able to render efficient service to the state as a trained soldier 
in the event of need. For this purpose "The Soldier's Cate- 
chism" should be an efficient help. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major-General, 
Chief of Staff. 
Office of the Chief of Staff, 
Washington, D. C, 
May 22, 1916. 



Note 

An attempt has been made to formulate these questions and 
answers in as simple language as possible in order that the aver- 
age soldier may readily understand them; no attempt has been 
made to follow strict grammatical or technical rules if the idea 
could be conveyed in a simpler form. These questions are not 
intended to supersede instruction by the company commander 
on the subjects covered, but are intended to be used as an aid 
to the enlisted man in obtaining a better understanding of the 
subject when taken up by his instructors. 

The Compilers 



WHAT A SOLDIER SHOULD KNOW 



CHAPTER I 

RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 

Q. From what articles issued to you for field service should 

you never become separated? 
A. (a) Rifle and bayonet. 

(b) Ammunition. 

(c) Intrenching tool. 

(d) Pack and cartridge belt. 



Q. What articles constitute 


your field kit? 


A. 1 Bayonet and scabbard 


1 Shelter half and rope 


1 Brush and thong 


5 Shelter ten pins 


1 Front sight cover 


1 Poncho (slicker for mounted 


1 Rifle, U. S., Cal. 30 


men) 


1 Bacon can 


1 Blanket 


1 Condiment can 


1 Drawers 


1 Canteen 


1 Cake of soap 


1 Canteen cover 


1 Tooth brush 


1 Cartridge belt, Cal. 30 


1 Comb 


1 Cup 


2 Pr. socks, light wool 


1 First aid package 


1 Soap 


1 Fork 


1 Towel 


1 Gun sling 


1 Identification tag and 


1 Knife 


tape 


1 Haversack 


1 Intrenching tool 


1 Pack carrier 


1 Undershirt 


1 Pouch for first aid 


1 housewife (for one man of 


package 


each squad) 


1 Meat can 


Ammunition and rations if 


1 Spoon 


issued. 


Q. What is carried in the surplus kit? 


A. 1 breeches 


1 drawers 


1 shirt, olive drab 


1 shoes, russet, marching 


2 pr. socks. s 


1 pr. shoe laces 


1 undershirt 





RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 5 

4. Q. How should you pack your bundle which is to go into 

the squad surplus kit bag? 
A. Socks to be rolled tightly, one pair in toe of each shoe, 
shoes placed together, heels at opposite ends, soles out- 
ward, wrapped tightly in underwear, and bundle se- 
curely tied around the middle by the extra pair of shoe 
laces — each bundle to be tagged with the company num- 
ber of the owner. Breeches and olive drab shirts to be 
neatly folded and packed on the top and sides of the 
layers of bundles when placed in surplus kit bags. 

Rifle and Bayonet 

5. Q. What is the name and caliber of your rifle? 
A. U. S. rifle, caliber 30, model 1903. 

6. Q. What is the number of your rifle? 
A. Number " ." 

7. Q. Where do you find the number of your rifle? 
A. On the right side of front end of receiver. 

8. Q. What is meant by caliber? 

A. The distance across the bore measured between the 
lands. In this rifle, thirty hundredths of an inch. 

9. Q. Point out the following parts on Pages 4, 6 and 8 and 

explain their use: 

Q. Stock? 

A. Fig. 1. The metallic parts of the gun are mounted on 
the stock. 

Q. Hand guard? 

A. Fig. 2. To protect the hand when the barrel of the gun 
becomes heated. 

Q. Guard? 

A. Fig. 3. To protect the trigger. Also anchors the barrel 
and stock by means of two screws. / 

Q. Bolt? 

A. Fig. 4. Contains firing and extracting mechanism. 

Q. Barrel? 

A. Fig. 5. Has front sight stud and rear sight base at- 
tached and the bore has four lands and grooves. The 
twist is uniform, one turn in ten inches. 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 7 

Q. Receiver? 

A. Fig. 6. Contains loading, firing, extracting and ejecting 
mechanism. 

Q. Butt plate? 

A. Fig. 7. To protect the butt of the stock. 

Q. Upper band? 

A. Fig. 8. Fastens muzzle of barrel to stock. 

Q. Magazine spring? 

A. Fig. 9. Presses against and lifts the follower. 

Q. Follower? 

A. Fig. 10. Holds cartridges in proper position for loading 
and unloading. 

Q. Extractor? 

A. Fig. 11. Draws cartridges and shells from chamber. 

Q. Floor plate? 

A. Fig. 12. Contains seat for magazine spring. 

Q. Firing pin? 

A. Fig. 13. Forces striker forward when main spring is re- 
leased. 

Q. Movable base? 

A. Fig. 14. Movable base for rear sight leaf and is used to 
correct for windage. 

Q. Rear sight leaf and slide? 

A. Fig. 15. Used for setting correct elevation for firing. 

Q. Trigger? 

A. Fig. 16. For discharging the piece. 

Q. Lower band? 

A. Fig. 17. Binds stock and hand guard to barrel. 

Q. Sleeve? 

A. Fig. 18. Connects bolt and firing pin. 

Q. Cut-off? 

A. Fig. 19. Regulates use of cartridges in magazine. When 
"OFF" allows rifle to be used as a single loader; 
when "ON" as a magazine loader and in middle 
position allows bolt to be taken from receiver. 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 9 

Q. Safety lock? 

A. Fig. 20. To prevent the piece from being accidentally 
discharged. 

Q. Main spring? 

A. Fig. 21. When released it supplies the striker with suf- 
ficient force to explode the primer. 

Q. Stacking swivel? 

A. Fig. 22. It is attached to upper band and is used for 
forming stacks. 

Q. Lower band swivel? 

A. Fig. 23. Holds upper end of sling. 

Q. Butt swivel? 

A. Fig. 24. Holds lower end of sling. 

Q. Lower band spring? 

A. Fig. 25. Prevents lower band from slipping. 

Q. Firing pin sleeve? 

A. Fig. 26. Connects firing pin and striker. Also holds 
main spring in place. 

Q. Striker? 

A. Fig. 27. Explodes the primer in cartridge. 

Q. Butt plate screw, large? 

A. Fig. 28. Fastens toe of butt plate to stock. 

Q. Butt plate screw, small? 

A. Fig. 29. Fastens heel of butt plate to stock. 

Q. Butt swivel screw? 

A. Fig. 29. Fastens butt swivel to stock. May be used in 
heel of butt plate if necessary. 

Q. Cut-off spindle? 

A. Fig. 30. For the cut-off to work on. 

Q. Rear guard screw? 

A. Fig. 31. Secures the guard to the receiver. 

Q. Windage screw, assembled? 

A. Fig. 32. Secures the movable base to the fixed base. 

(), Upper band screws 



10 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Fig. 33. Secures upper band to stock. 

Q. Cut-off spindle screw? 

A. Fig. 34. To hold cut-off spindle in place. 

Q. Sear joint pin? 

A. Fig. 35. Hinges the sear to the receiver. 

Q. Lower band screw? 

A. Fig. 36. Fastens lower band swivel to lower band. 

Q. Stacking swivel screw? 

A. Fig. 37. Fastens stacking swivel to upper band and is 
longer than lower band screw. 

Q. Front guard screw? 

A. Fig. 38. Secures the guard to the receiver. 

Q. Joint pin? 

A. Fig. 39. Hinge for sight leaf. 

Q. Cut-off spring spindle? 

A. Fig. 40. Keeps the cut-off in its seat in the receiver. 

Q. Front sight? 

A. Fig. 42. Set in slot in movable stud. 

Q. Cut-off spring? 

A. Fig. 43. Sets over cut-off spring spindle. 

Q. Sear spring? 

A. Fig. 44. Holds sear in place. 

Q. Front sight pin? 

A. Fig. 45. Fastens front sight to movable base. 

Q. Oiler and thong case? 

A. Fig. 46. To carry oil, cleaning brush and thong. It is 
kept in butt of piece. 

Q. Floor plate catch spring? 

A. Fig. 47. Holds the floor plate in its seat. 

Q. Point out on Fig. 48 the following: Muzzle, Barrel, Up- 
per Band, Stacking Swivel, Stock, Hand Guard, 
Lower Band, Finger Groove, Bolt Handle, Cocking 
Piece, Safety Lock, Safety Lug, Trigger, Trigger 
Guard, Small of Stock, Comb, Butt Swivel, Butt, 
Toe and Heel, and Bayonet Stud, 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 11 

10. Q. For what is the oil which is carried in oiler and thong 

case used? 
A. For lubricating the working parts only. 

11. Q. How should you put the oiler and thong case in your 

rifle? 
A. It should be put in so that the leather tipped cap will 
be next to the butt plate cap. 

12. Q. After firing ball cartridges from your rifle, what re- 

mains in the bore? 
A. The burned and unburned pieces of smokeless powder. 

13. Q. If you leave this in, what happens? 
A. It will eat and wear away the bore. 

14. Q. What is the proper end from which to clean a rifle? 
A. The breech. 

15. Q. What is issued to you for cleaning your rifle? 
A. The barrack cleaning rod. 

16. Q. What kind of rags should you use? 
A. Canton flannel. 

17. Q. Into what size and shape are these rags cut? 

A. Into squares about one to one and a half inches. 

18. Q. What should you always do before putting your rifle 

away? 
A. Wipe it off with oil. 

19. Q. Take the bolt apart and assemble it. 

20. Q. How do you clean the bolt? 

A. By taking it apart and cleaning all the parts with an 
oiled rag, and then drying them. 

21. Q. What do you do just before putting the bolt together 

again? 
A. Oil lightly the firing pin, the barrel of the sleeve, the 
well of the bolt and all the cams. 

22. Q. How do you care for the stock and hand guard? 

A. Put on a light coating of raw linseed oil once a month. 
Also after any wetting from either rain or dew. 

23. Q. Is the oil rubbed in? 



12 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Yes, rubbed in well. 

24. Q. Are you allowed to take your rifle apart? 

A. No, except by permission of the company commander. 

25. Q. What is the greatest range of your rifle? 

A. 5465 yards, or about three and one-tenth miles. 

26. Q. What is the range of effective fire? 
A. Eight hundred yards and under. 

27. Q. What is the length and weight of your rifle without 

bayonet? 
A. A little over forty-three inches long and weighs eight 
and sixty-nine one hundredths pounds. 

28. Q. What is necessary in order that your rifle will work 

properly and be free from rust at all times? 
A. That the working parts are always well cleaned and 
oiled. 

29. Q. What should you do in case a cartridge fails to fire? 

A. Do not draw bolt back immediately, but cock rifle by 
pulling back the cocking piece. 

30. Q. After firing when should the rifle be cleaned? 

A. Not later than the evening of the day you fired it. 

31. Q. What cleaning materials are needed for the proper 

care of your rifle? 
A. A suitable rack or table upon which to fit the rifle in 
notches and also for the convenient holding of the 
cleaning material. 

(b) A barrack cleaning rod suitable for cleaning 

full length of bore from the breech. 

(c) Flannel patches cut to fit the bore properly. 

(d) Salsoda dissolved in water — as much soda as 

will dissolve in the water. 

(e) Cosmic, number 30, soft — a heavy grease issued 

by the government. 

(f) Sperm oil. 

(g) Linseed oil. 

32. Q. In ordinary cases how should you clean the bore? 

A. Take out the bolt. Place rifle on the clp.aning rack or 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 



13 



83. 



34. Q 



35. Q 



table, soak a flannel patch in the 
salsoda solution. With cleaning rod 
push the patch through bore from 
breech, running it back and forth 
full length of bore several times. Do 
this with several more patches. 
Now, do the same with several per- 
fectly dry patches. Dip a patch in 
the cosmic and swab the bore as be- 
fore. Put the rifle away for the day. 
Next day first swab out all the cos- 
mic and then do exactly as you did 
on the preceding day, which will 
leave your rifle bore covered with 
a coating of cosmic. 
Q. What is metal fouling? 
A. It consists of small flakes of metal left 
near the muzzle by the cupro-nickel 
jacket of the bullet. 

What is the objection to this in your 
rifle? 

If left in, the bore will become pitted 
under the metal fouling. 

When should you look for metal foul- 



ing! 



J 



A. When cleaning the bore and after you 
have run through the perfectly ilry 
patches; examine near muzzle look- 
ing through the muzzle end of rifle. 

36. Q. What does metal fouling look like? 
A. Like flakes, smears or lumps of silver 

sticking to the rifling. 

37. Q. What should I do about it? 
A. I should at once take the rifle to the 

quartermaster sergeant, artificer or £ 

other person designated by the company commander to 
remove metal fouling. 



14 l THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

38. Q. Point out the following parts of the bayonet from the 

cut page 13 : Blade, Edge, False Edge, Guard, Scabbard 
Catch, Pommel and Tang. 

Use of Cover in Connection with the Rifle 

39. Q. When firing upon the enemy and taking cover, for what 

must you look out? 
A. I must be able to fire easily and with good effect upon 
the enemy. 

40. Q. How must you advance upon the enemy? 

A. I must advance rapidly and steadily and get as much 
cover as possible when I am doing so. 

41. Q. Why should you not stay too long in any one place? 

A. Because the enemy is apt to locate me and fire upon 
me. 

42. Q. Before starting forward from one position, what should 

you do? 
A. I should select the next position at which I want to 
stop. 

Ammunition 

43. Q. How much ammunition do you carry in your belt? 
A. One hundred rounds. 

44. Q. How are ball cartridges issued? 
A. In clips of five. 

45. Q. Why does the bullet have a sharp point? 
A. To offer less resistance to the air. 

46. Q. What is a bandoleer? 

A. A bandoleer is an olive drab cloth cartridge carrier 
with six pockets. 

47. Q. How many clips are there in a bandoleer? 

A. Twelve clips, two in each pocket, making a total of 
sixty cartridges, 

48. Q. How do you open the bandoleer pockets? 
A. By pulling up the top flap of the pocket. 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 15 

49. Q. What ammunition does a soldier use first in battle? 
A. That which he carries in bandoleers. 

50. Q. What ammunition should be held as reserve? 

A The thirty rounds which he carries in the right three 
pockets of his field belt. 

51. Q. When does he use this reserve ammunition? 
A. Only when ordered by an officer. 

52. Q. How much ammunition will a soldier have for use during 

a one day's fight? 
A. That which he carries with him into the fight and what 
he may pick up from the dead and wounded. 

53. Q. Why is it very important that he should save his am- 

munition? 
A. Because when his ammunition is gone he is almost 
helpless. 

54. Q. How many bandoleers does he carry when he goes 

into a fight? 

A. Two. 

55. Q. How much ammunition does that give him? 

A. One hundred rounds in belt and one hundred and twenty 
rounds in the bandoleers, in all two hundred and 
twenty rounds. 

56. Q. If he is sent forward with ammunition to the firing 

line, would he remain upon the firing line or return? 

A. Remain on the firing line and fight, always. 

57. Q. Should he ever leave the firing line to get ammunition? 
A. No. 

58. Q. Should he ever leave the firing line without proper 

authority for any purpose? 

A. No. If he does he is guilty of "skulking." 

59. Q. What are the names of the parts of the cartridge? 

A. Brass case, primer, charge of smokeless powder and 
the bullet. 

60. Q. What information is stamped on the case? 



16 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. The initials of the place of manufacture, the number of 
the month and year of manufacture. 

61. Q. Of what is the bullet made? 

A. A core of lead and tin composition with a jacket of 
cupro-nickel. 

Intrenching Tool 

62. Q. For what purpose are you issued intrenching tools? 
A. To help protect myself against the enemy's fire. 

63. Q. What thickness of dry sand will protect you from rifle 

fire? 
A. About ten inches. 

64. Q. How much moist sand? 
A. About fourteen inches. 

65. Q. How much dirt without sand? 
A. About twenty inches. 

66. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 1, page 17, show? 
A. Hasty cover trench. 

67. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 2, page 17, show? 
A. Kneeling trench. 

68. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 3, page 17, show? 
A. Deep and narrow fire trench. 

69. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 4, page 17, show? 

A. Same as number 3, except that a passage way has been 
provided. 

70. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 5, page 17, show? 

A. Same as number 4, except that overhead cover has been 
provided. 

71. Q. What kind of a trench does Fig. 6, page 17, show? 

A. The Spanish trench. This trench, unlike all the others 
shown in cut, has no parapet. 

72. Q. What is headcover? 

A. Sand bags, logs or other material placed on parapet 
to afford protection to the head while firing. 

73. Q. What is overhead cover? 




H'D&e 



17 



18 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Overhead cover is provided by placing planks or poles 
under parapet. These are covered with earth and sod 
of sufficient thickness to protect the men in trench 
from fragments of shrapnel bursting overhead. See 
Fig. 5, page 17. 

74. Q. What is a traverse? 

A. A partition of earth dividing a trench into smaller por- 
tions, such as squad or platoon lengths; it reduces 
the effect of fire from the flanks. 

75. Q. What is a cover trench? 

A. A cover trench is a trench built in rear of the fire trench 
to afford protection for the support. 

76. Q. What is a communicating trench? 

A. One which connects the fire trench with the cover trench. 
It is deep and narrow and usually zigzagged to escape 
fire from the flanks. 

77. Q. When you have sand bags in trench when and for what 

are they used? 
A. For head cover when actually firing on the enemy. 
At other times they should be left in the bottom of 
trench. 

78. Q. When you put your sand bags up for head cover, how 

should they be arranged or fixed to give you greatest 
amount of protection with the greatest field of fire? 

A. They should be placed on the parapet forming an angle 
with the narrow end of angle toward trench. 

79. Q. What should you do to the fresh earth from your trenches? 
A. Cover it with grass, twigs, etc. 

80. Q. Why do you do this? 

A. To make them harder for the enemy to see. 

(Note) A good method for instruction in intrenching is to 

construct models of the various trenches out of thin 

lumber or sand on a scale of 1 to 12. 

81. Q. What care should you take of intrenching tools? 

A. Should be kept sharp and clean, free from rust and in 
serviceable condition at all times. 



f " ' 




The Infantry Equipment, Model 1910. 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 19 

82. Q. How should the pickaxe be used? 

A. Should be worked from front to rear, not sideways. 
Lift the pick well above the head with both hands. 
The helve should slide easily through the hand near- 
est the pickhead, and full use should be made of 
weight of the tool. 

83. Q. How should the shovel be used? 

A. The thigh should be used to help in thrusting shovel 
under the earth which has been loosened by the pick. 
Throw the earth without a jerk, the hand nearest the 
blade sliding freely up the handle. 

The Infantry Equipment, Model 1910 

84. Q. Using plate, show your instructor the following parts 

of your equipment: 

1. Pack carrier 7. 1st aid pouch 

2. Haversack and flap 8. Pack suspenders 

3. Coupling strap 9. Canteen cover 

4. Binding straps of haver- 10. Lower suspension rings 

sack 11. Meat can pouch 

5. Cartridge belt 12. Belt suspenders 

6. Pack binding straps 13. Flap for intrenching tool 

85. Q. How should you adjust the belt? 

A. So that it will fit loosely about the waist and rest well 
down over the hip bones and below the pit of the 
stomach. 

86. Q. Why do you wear suspenders with this belt? 

A. It distributes the weight over the body, part on the 
shoulders and part on the waist. 

87. Q. In adjusting the belt, of what should you be careful? 
A. To see that the adjustment is made equally from both 

ends of the adjusting strap, so that the centre eye- 
let will come in the middle of back of the belt when 
it is worn. 

88. Q. How should you fill the belt? 

A. (a) Unsnap the flap of the pocket and the interior re- 
taining snap. 



20 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

(b) Lay the retaining strap out flat in prolongation 
of the pocket. 

(c) Insert a clip, points of bullets up, in front of retain- 
ing strap. 

(d) Press clip down until base of clip rests on bottom 
of pocket. 

(e) Press retaining strap over the bullet points and 
fasten it to the outside of pocket by means of fastener 
provided. 

(f ) Insert a second clip, points down, in rear of first clip. 

(g) Press down until points rest on bottom of pocket, 
(h) Close the flap of the pocket and fasten with fast- 
ener provided. Fill other pockets in the same way. 

89. Q, Where should you attach the first aid pouch? 
A. On the left hip just in rear of seam of trousers. 

90. Q. Where should you attach the canteen? 

A. Under the rear pocket of the right section of the belt. 

91. Q. How should you attach the pack carrier to the haver- 

sack? 
A. (a) Spread haversack on ground, inner side down, outer 
flaps to front, 
(b) Place buttonholed edge of carrier, lettered side up, 
over buttonholed edge of haversack and lace together 
with coupling strap, beginning at the centre. 

92. Q. How should you attach the cartridge belt to the haver- 

sack? 
A. (a) Place haversack and pack-carrier on the ground, 
inner side down. 

(b) Place the cartridge belt, pockets down and tops 
to the front, along the junction of the haversack and 
carrier. 

(c) Insert the hook on rear belt suspender in centre 
eyelet of adjusting strap, so that end of hook will 
be on outside of belt. 

(d) Insert the hooks on ends of front belt suspenders 
in eyelets between the second and third pockets from 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 21 

the outer ends of the belt, so that end of hooks will 
be on the outside of the belt. 

93. Q. How should you attach the bayonet scabbard to the 

haversack? 
A. (a) Pass lower end of bayonet scabbard through loop 
provided on the side of the haversack body, 
(b) Engage double hook attachment in the eyelets on 
outer flap of haversack inserting hooks from inside. 

94. Q. How should you attach the intrenching tool earner 

to the haversack? 
A. (a) Fold outer flap of haversack over so that meat can 
pouch is on top. 
(b) Pass intrenching tool carrier underneath meat can 
pouch and engage double hook attachment in eyelets 
in the flap provided, inserting the hooks from the 
underside. 

95. Q. Where should the meat can, knife, fork, and spoon be 

carried? 
A. In the meat can pouch. 

96. Q. How should the pack be rolled? 

A. (a) Spread shelter half on ground and fold in the tri- 
angular ends to make a square, the guy on the inside. 

(b) Fold poncho once across its shortest dimension and 
twice across its longest dimension and then lay it 
in centre of shelter half. 

(c) Fold blanket same way. 

(d) Place it on poncho. 

(e) Put pins in fold of blanket, in centre and across 
shortest dimensions. 

(f ) Fold edges of shelter half snugly over blanket and 
poncho. 

(g) Beginning on a side, roll tightly. 

97. Q. From which side of pack do you roll? 

A. (a) From short side if the short pack is to be worn. 
(b) From long side if the long pack is to be worn. 

98. Q. When is the short pack worn? 

A. When rations, toilet articles and underwear are car- 



22 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

ried in haversack just above upper end of rolled 
pack. 
99. Q. When is the long pack worn? 

A. When rations are not carried and the bacon and con- 
diment cans (the latter inside the former), toilet 
articles and underwear are rolled up in the pack. 

100. Q. How should the equipment be adjusted? 

A. (a) Put on the equipment as you would slip on a coat, 
slipping arms one at a time through pack suspenders. 

(b) Get another man to help you. 

(c) Raise or lower belt by means of adjusting buck- 
les on belt suspenders until belt is in proper posi-. 
tion. 

(d) Raise or lower it in rear until adjusting strap lies 
smoothly across small of the back. 

(e) Using adjusting buckles on pack suspenders, raise 
or lower the load on the back until top of haversack 
is level with top of shoulders. 

101. Q. What is the most important point in adjusting the 

equipment? 
A. To see that the top of haversack is level with the top 
of shoulders and that pack suspenders are exactly 
level from where they are sewn on haversack top 
to where they touch the top of shoulders. 

102. Q. Why should the top of haversack be level with the 

top of shoulders? 
A. So that load will not tend to tear pack suspenders 
where they are sewn to haversack. 

103. Q. How do you get rid of the pack without taking off the 

rest of the equipment? 

A. Getting someone to help you will save time. 

(a) Unsnap pack suspenders from the suspension rings 
and snap them in eyelets on top of belt and in rear 
of rear pockets on both sides. 

(b) Support bottom of pack with left hand and with 
right grasp coupling strap (which is laced through 
the button holes) at its middle. 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 23 

(c) Withdraw first one end and then the other from 
the button holes. 

(d) Press down gently on pack with both hands and 
remove pack. 

(e) Lace coupling strap into button holes along up- 
per edge of pack carrier. 

(f) Adjust the pack suspenders. 

104. Q. Where can I find complete detailed information about 

the Infantry Equipment and pictures? 
A. In pamphlet number 1717 called "Instructions for 
assembling the Infantry Equipment, model of 1910," 
issued by the War Department to each company. 

105. Q. How will you get hold of it? 
A. Ask my company commander. 

106. Q. When is the pack a protection to you? 

A. When I am lying down under shrapnel fire. 

Care of Leather Equipment 
For organizations having leather equipment. 

107. Q. What should be done to preserve the life of leather? 

A. It should be cleaned whenever dirt, grit or mud has 
collected on it or when it has become wet. 

108. Q. How can you tell as to the condition of leather equip- 

ment? 
A. So long as the leather is reasonably pliable, looks and 
feels well, no oil should be used, and soap and polish 
sparingly applied. 

109. Q. How should you clean leather equipment? 

A. Carefully wash each part with a sponge moistened 
with a thick lather made from clean water and 
castile soap; then rub it vigorously until thoroughly 
dry. 

110. Q. How should you obtain a surface polish? 

A. Apply a thick lather made from clean water and Frank 
Miller's soap, allow lather to dry and then rub 
thoroughly with a soft cloth. 



24 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

111. Q. If you desire only a polish of your personal leather 

equipment what should be done? 
A. Use the dressing supplied by the Ordnance Depart- 
ment. Apply sparingly to the surface and rub briskly 
with a dry cloth. 

112. Q. What should be done when leather becomes hard and 

dry from exposure to wet or other cause? 
A. It should be carefully washed and then oiled. 

113. Q. How should it be washed in this case? 

A. Use a damp sponge, squeezed nearly dry, rub it on 
castile soap and manipulate so as to form a thick 
lather, apply lather to surface of leather and let it 
stand until dry. When dry remove with a clean, 
damp sponge; spots particularly soiled may be rubbed 
with a moist, soaped cloth. 

114. Q. How should it then be oiled? 

A. While surface of the leather is still slightly moist from 
the washing apply "Neat's Foot Oil" with a cloth, 
moistened but not wet or saturated with the oil. 
The equipment should now be left alone for some 
time, a day if practicable, and then thoroughly rubbed 
with a coarse, dry cloth until the surface is clean. 

115. Q. If equipment is properly cared for how often will it 

be necessary to oil it? 
A. Not more than three or four times a year. 

116. Q. When will this not be sufficient? 

A. Under exceptional conditions of warm, moist climate 
or frequent wetting and drying. 

Case of Clothing and Shoes 

117. Q. Who is responsible for the proper care and appear- 

ance of your clothing? 
A. I am. 

118. Q. What is best rule to follow as to spots on clothing? 
A. Remove as soon as possible. 

119. Q. What will take out paint? 



RIFLE AND EQUIPMENT 25 

A. Turpentine. 

120. Q. In what two ways can you remove grease spots? 

A. (1) Place a piece of brown paper, newspaper or other 
absorbent paper over and under the stain and press 
with a hot iron. 
(2) Moisten a clean, woolen rag with gasolene, rub 
the cloth briskly and press with a hot iron. 

121. Q. What adds very greatly to the appearance of all uni- 

forms? 
A. To keep them neatly pressed. 

122. Q. What is an inexpensive way to keep a good crease in 

a pair of trousers? 
A. Moisten the crease lightly with a moist sponge, place 
them inside of blanket once folded on top of your 
mattress. By sleeping on them the heat of your 
body will give an excellent crease. 

123. Q. What care should you give your buttons? 

A. Gilt ornaments and buttons should be frequently pol- 
ished. Bronze ornaments and buttons should be 
merely wiped clean. 

124. Q. How should you remove dirt and mud from leggins, 

haversacks, canteen covers and articles of web equip- 
ment? 
A. Wait until they dry and remove with a stiff brush be- 
ing careful not to injure the material. 

125. Q. How should you remove grease spots from leggins, 

haversacks, canteen covers and articles of web equip- 
ment? 
A. The best way is to immerse the article completely in 
gasolene. If not enough gasolene on hand, make 
a suds from H. & H. soap (furnished by Ordnance 
Department) completely immerse the article in the 
suds and rub the soiled parts gently in clean water. 

126. Q. Ordinarily what care is necessary for the shoes? 
A. Keep them clean and polished. 

127. Q. What should be done with shoes when they become 

thoroughly wet? 



26 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Fill them with dry oats, bran or sand and dry in the 
shade; never near a fire. 

128. Q. If the leather becomes hard, dry or stiff what should 

be done? 
A. Give shoes a slight coating of ''Neat's Foot Oil," well 
rubbed in. ' 

129. Q. Where is "Neat's Foot Oil" obtained? 

A. Apply to the Company Quartermaster Sergeant as 
each company is supplied with it. 

Inspection of Equipment 

129 J. Q. How is your personal field equipment displayed for in- 
spection of quarters, permanent camp or shelter tent 
camp? 
A. Always^ in the same manner; picture and description is 
~ given on pages 172 and 173, Infantry Drill Regula- 
tions, 1911. 



CHAPTER II 
INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 

Definitions 

130. Q. What is meant by " battle sight"? 

A. The position of the rear sight when the leaf is laid down. 

131. Q. When is the battle sight used? 

A. For firing at ranges up to 547 yards; not so accurate 
as the fixed sight and used when excitement, noise, 
etc., prevents giving ranges and the proper setting of 
the fixed sight. 

132. Q. What is meant by a "column"? 

A. When troops are arranged one behind another it is 
called a column. Example — a column of squads, 
a column of twos, a column of files. 

133. Q. What is meant by distance? 

A. Distance is space measured from front to rear. Ex- 
ample — the distance between front and rear rank 
is 40 inches; also distance between ranks in a column 
of squads is 40 inches. 

134. Q. How is distance measured? 

A. From the back of the man in front to the breast of 
the man in rear. 

135. Q. What is the difference between "distance" and "in- 

terval"? 
A. Distance is measured from front to rear, but interval 
is measured from right to left. Example — my dis- 
tance from my front rank man is 40 inches but my 
interval from the man next to me in ranks is 4 inches. 

136. Q. What is meant by a "file"? 

A. A file is two men, the front rank man and his rear rank 
man. 

137. Q. What is meant by the "file leader"? 

27 



28 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. The front rank man is spoken of as the file leader. 

138. Q. What is meant by a "blank file"? 

A. When the rear rank man is missing the file is spoken 
of as a blank file. 

139. Q. What is meant by a file when there is but one rank? 
A. One man is then called a file. 

140. Q. What are "file closers"? 

A. Officers and Non-commissioned Officers posted in rear 
of the line. 

141. Q. Why are they posted in rear of the line? 

A. To see that I perform my duties properly, and to assist 
the captain and platoon leaders in fire control and 
fire direction. 

142. Q. When spoken to by a file closer while in ranks, what 

should you do? 
A. Obey at once as he is a better judge of what should 
be done than I am. 

143. Q. Why should you obey promptly? 

A. (a) So that the appearance and worth of my com- 
pany will be improved. 

(b) To play my part in the team to which all the men 
of the company belong. 

(c) To keep out of trouble myself. 

144. Q. What is meant by a "flank"? 

A. The right or left of a body of troops. Example— 
the right flank of the company. 
f45. Q. What is meant by a "formation"? 

A. When the company falls in for drill or other exercise 
it is called "a formation of the company." Ex- 
ample — when I am not in ranks at roll call I am 
absent from the "formation." 
146. Q. What other meaning has the word "formation"? 

A. It is also used to mean "arrangement." Example — 
in what formation or "arrangement" is your com- 
pany? Answer — in line; in column of squads; in 
column of twos, etc. 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 29 

147. Q. When you are at battle exercise what is meant by the 

word "front"? 
A. The direction of the enemy is always the front. 

148. Q. What is a guide? 

A. An Officer, Non-commissioned Officer or Private upon 
whom I am required to dress while marching. 

149. Q. What is meant by "interval"? 

A. Space measured from right to left. Example — my inter- 
val from the man on my right in ranks is 4 inches. 

150. Q. How is interval measured? 

A. From elbow to elbow. Example — my interval from 
the man on my right in ranks is 4 inches measured 
from his left elbow to my right elbow. 

151. Q. What is meant by "close order" drill? 

A. The ordinary drill on the parade ground, in which 
I keep the intervals and distances which I had when 
I was first formed by the 1st Sergeant. Example 
— when marching in column of squads the company 
is in "close order." 

152. Q. What is meant by "extended order"? 

A. When the company is formed with greater intervals 
than is ordinarily used on the parade ground it is 
called "extended order." Example — when the com- 
pany is formed as skirmishers it is in "extended 
order." 

153. Q. Why is close order used? 

A. To teach habits of discipline and exactness. 

154. Q. Why is extended order used? 

A. To teach the movements and formations that are 
found to be the best when face to face with the enemy. 

155. Q. In extended order how do troops march? 

A. They march "at ease," with pieces at "the trail" un- 
less otherwise ordered. 

156. Q. What is meant by "a pace"? 

A. Thirty inches; it is the length of the full step I am re- 
quired to take when marching at quick time. 



30 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

157. Q. What is meant by "a rank"? 

A. A line of men placed side by side. Example — the 
front rank; the rear rank. 

158. Q. Where will you find any of the above words officially 

explained? 
A. In the Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 — front of book, 
under "Definitions/' pages 7 and 8. 

Introduction 

159. Q. Why are you given instruction in your duties as a 

soldier? 
A. Because it makes me more valuable as a fighting man 
and success in battle is our main object. 

160. Q. At drills or battle exercises when is the enemy said 

to be "imaginary"? 
A. When he is merely assumed to be at a certain place. 

161. Q. When is the enemy said to be "outlined"? 

A. When a few men have been sent out to indicate the 
enemy's lines. 

162. Q. When is the enemy said to be "represented"? 

A. When a body of troops has been sent out to act as 
the enemy. 

General Rules for Drills and Formations 

163. Q. What should you do when given the command 1. In 

Place; 2. Halt? 
A. I halt, stand fast and keep my rifle as it was. 

164. Q. What should you do when given the command 1. Re- 

sume; 2. March? 
A. I take up the movement I was executing just before 
"1. In Place; 2. Halt;" was given. 

165. Q. What should you do when given the command 1. As 

you were? 
A, I stop the movement I am executing and return to 
the position I was in just before starting. Exam- 
ple — Your company is in line at attention; your 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 31 

company commander gives the command 1. Parade; 
2. Rest, which you have executed. He now com- 
mands 1. As you were. You should now return 
to the position of "attention." 

166. Q. In close order when in line where is the guide of the 

company? 
A. Always "right " unless otherwise given. 

167. Q. Where is the guide of each rank (four men) when the 

company is in column of squads? 
A. On the side of the column opposite from that on which 
the file closers are marching. 

168. Q. Where is the guide when the company is marching 

in extended order? 
A. It is center, unless otherwise given. 

169. Q. What should you do when ordered to "fall in"? 

A. (a) I should look for and go to my proper place in 
ranks. 

(b) I should place the palm of my left hand on my 
left hip, fingers pointing downward. 

(c) As soon as the man on my left has his interval 
(4 inches) I should drop my left hand to my side. 

170. Q. How will you get your proper interval? 

A. By feeling lightly the left elbow of the man on my 
right with my right arm. 

Orders, Commands and Signals 

171. Q. What two kinds of commands are given? 

A. 1. The preparatory command. 2. The command of 
execution. 

172. Q. For what is the preparatory command used? 

A. To tell me just what the movement is going to be. 
Example — 1. "Squads Right," is a preparatory com- 
mand which tells me that the company is about to 
execute squads right. 

173. Q. For what is the command of execution used? 

A, To tell me exactly when to execute the movement 



32 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

described in the preparatory command. Example — 
2. "March," is a command of execution which tells 
me to move off at the instant it is given. 

174. Q. Place the figures 1. in front of the preparatory com- 

mands and the figures 2. in front of the commands 
of execution in the following commands: 
Right shoulder arms; Right by twos, march; Parade 
rest. 
A. 1. Right shoulder 2. Arms; 1, Right by twos 2. March; 
1. Parade 2. Rest. 

175. Q. Why should you understand signals? 

A. Because often in battle there will be too much noise 
to hear commands. 

176. Q. What two signals only are given on the whistle? 

A. 1. A short, sharp whistle meaning "attention." 
2. A long whistle meaning "suspend firing." 
Whistles of Company Commander and Platoon leaders 

have different sounds — I should pay attention only 

to the whistle of my Platoon leader. 

177. Q. What signals are used in place of the following com- 

mands: 

COMMAND SIGNAL USED 

(a) 1. Forward Hand to shoulder and thrust arm 
2. March in direction of march. 

(b) Halt. Hand to shoulder, thrust upward 

and hold vertically. 

(c) 1. Double Time Hand to shoulder, thrust upward 
2. March. several times. 

(d) 1. Squads Right Extend arm sidewards and move 
2. March. between vertical and horizontal 

position several times. 

(e) 1. Squads Left Extend arm sidewards and move 
2. March. between horizontal and down po- 
sitions several times. 

(f) 1. Squads Right Extend arm sidewards and move 
about 2. March, between vertical and down posi- 
tions several times- 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 



33 



COMMAND 

(g) Change direc- 
tion (if in line) 
or 1. Column 
Right 2. March. 

(h) 1. As Skir- 
misher s 2. 
Guide Centre 
3. March. 

(i) 1. As Skirmish- 
ers 2. Guide 
Right (or left) 
3. March. 



(j) 1. Assemble 

2. March, 
(k) To signal the 

range to be 

used in setting 

sights. 



SIGNAL USED 

Move the hand on side towards 
the change to the opposite shoul- 
der and swing it fully extended in 
the new direction. 
Raise both arms sidewards to the 
horizontal. Swing both arms up- 
ward to the vertical; repeat sev- 
eral times. 

Extend both arms sidewards to 
the horizontal. Keep the arm on 
the side of the guide in this posi- 
tion and swing the other arm up- 
wards to the vertical and back to 
horizontal several times. 
Note: It makes no difference 
whether your instructor faces you 
or turns his back when making 
this signal, the hand on the side 
of the guide will be held station- 
ary in either case. 
Raise the arm to the vertical and 
make small circles. 
Extend arm, fist closed, to mean 
"battle sight." 

Extend arm, fist closed, and ex- 
pose the number of fingers equal 
to the number of hundred yards 
in the desired range. To add or 
subtract 50 yards from the range 
make short horizontal line with 
forefinger, up or down for in- 
crease or decrease. 
Example — your instructor ex- 
tends closed fist but at once ex- 
poses five fingers followed by 
three more (same hand) and then 
with his forefinger, pointing up- 
wards, makes a short horizontal 



34 



THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 



COMMAND 



(k — continued) 



(1) What range 
are you using, 
or what is the 
range? 

(m) Commence 
firing. 

(n) Suspend Fir- 
ing. 

(o) Cease Firing. 



(p) Fire faster. 

(q) Fire slower. 

(r) To swing the 
cone of fire to 
the right or left. 

(s) Fix bayonet. 

(t) Any movement 
to be executed 
by a complete 
Platoon. 

(u) Any movement 
to be executed 
by a complete 
Squad. 



SIGNAL USED 
line. What is the sight-setting? 
Answer — 850 yards. 
To deduct 300 yards hold up 
three fingers pointing downwards. 
To add 400 yards hold up four 
fingers pointing upwards. 
Extend the arms toward the 
person addressed, one hand open, 
palm to the front, resting on the 
other hand, fist closed. 
Move the arm extended full 
length, palm down, several times 
horizontally in front of the body. 
The long whistle or raise forearm 
and hold steadily in front of face, 
palm of hand to the front. 
Same as suspend firing except 
that hand is swung up and down 
several times in front of face. 
Execute rapidly the signal for 
"Commence firing." 
Execute slowly the signal for 
"Commence firing." 
Extend the arm full length to the 
front, palm to the right (left); 
swing the arm to right (left) ; and 
point in the direction of the new 
target. 

Simulate the movement of the 
right hand in "Fix bayonet." 
Arm is extended towards that 
platoon leader and small circles 
made with that hand. 

Arm is extended towards the pla- 
toon leader and that hand is 
swung up and down from the 
wrist, which will mean that this 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 35 

COMMAND SIGNAL USED 

(u — continued) platoon leader is to have the move- 

ment, whatever it is, executed by 
squad. 
(v) Rush. Same as for "double time." 

(w) A r e you Raise the hand, fingers extended 
ready? or I and joined, palm toward the per- 
am ready. son addressed. 

178. Q. How do you usually receive the above signals? 

A. They usually come to me from the company commander 
through the platoon and squad leaders whose business 
it is to read the signals and see that they are carried out. 

179. Q. What is the color of your company flag? 

A. By looking on page 19, paragraph 45, Infantry Drill 
Regulations, 1911, I can find the colors of all com- 
pany flags of a Regiment. 

180. Q. For what is the company flag used? 
A. (a) For signalling. 

(b) As a point of assembly for the company after a fight. 

(c) To mark the position of the company and of the 
company commander's tent in a camp. 

School of the Soldier 
What is the position of "attention" in or out of ranks? 
There are ten parts of the body to remember; begin 
with the heels and work upwards: 

1. Heels — on the same line and as near each other 
as possible; most men should be able to stand with 
heels touching each other. 

2. Feet — turned out equally and forming an angle of 
about 45 degrees. 

3. Knees — straight without stiffness. 

4. Hips — level and drawn back slightly; body erect and 
resting equally on hips. 

5. Chest — lifted and arched. 

6. Shoulders — square and falling equally. 

7. Arms — hanging naturally. 

8. Hands — hanging naturally, thumb along the seam of 
the trousers. 



36 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

9. Head — erect and squarely to the front; chin drawn 
in so that axis of head and neck is vertical (means 
that a straight line drawn through centre of head 
and neck should be vertical); eyes straight to the 
front. 
10. Entire body — weight of body resting equally upon 
the heels and balls of the feet. 

182. Q. What may you do at the command "fall out"? 

A. I may leave the ranks but must remain near by (close 
enough to hear the command "fall in"). 

183. Q. Having fallen out, what do you do at the command 

"fall in"? 
A. I take my place in ranks at "attention." 

184. Q. What may you do at the command "rest"? 

A. I may talk and move my body but must keep one 
foot in place. 

185. Q. What may you do at the command "at ease"? 

A. I may move my body, but must keep one foot in place 
and cannot talk. 

Steps and Marching 

186. Q. What is the length of the full step in quick time? 
A. 30 inches. 

187. Q. How many full steps do you take to the minute when 

marching at quick time? 
A. 120. 

188. Q. What is the length of the full step in double time? 
A. 36 inches. 

189. Q. How many full steps do you take to the minute when 

marching at double time? 
A. 180. 

190. Q. What should you do when an Officer or file closer in- 

dicates the step by counting "one, two, three, four"? 
A. If not in step, at once get there; that is see that my 
left foot strikes the ground at the counts of one and 
three. 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 37 

191. Q. What is the length of the half step in quick time? 
A. 15 inches. 

192. Q. What is the length of the half step in double time? 
A. 18 inches. 

193. Q. What is the length of the step in "right step" or "left 

step"? 
A. 15 inches. 

194. Q. What is the length of the step in "backward march"? 
A. 15 inches. 

Manual of Arms 

195. Q. How is the chamber and magazine of your rifle carried 

— empty or filled? 
A. Always empty, except when positively ordered other- 
wise. 

196. Q. How should the safety lock of the rifle be turned when 

a cartridge is in the chamber? 
A. At the "safe." 

197. Q. When the rifle is empty how should it be carried? 
A. Unlocked and the trigger pulled. 

198. Q. If cartridges are found in the chamber or magazine 

at "Inspection Arms" what should be done? 
A. Take them out and put back in belt. 

199. Q. Except whe;n cartridges are actually used, how is the 

cut-off turned? 
A. Off, so that bolt may be used readily to "simulate load." 

200. Q. How is the rifle carried at command "Fall in"? 
A. At the "order arms." 

201. Q. Armed with the rifle how is the free hand carried in 

"double time"? 
A. The same as without rifle. 

202. Q. In coming to the order arms from any position how 

should the rifle be lowered to the ground? 
A. Should be lowered gently in order to prevent injuring 
rifle and unnecessary noise. 



38 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

203. Q. What movements are always executed with rifle at 

"the trail"? 
A. (a) The facings— as "right face/' "about face," etc. 

(b) The alignments — as "right dress," etc. 

(c) Open and close ranks. 

(d) Taking intervals and distances — as 1. Take interval 
to the right 2. March; 1. Take distance 2. March. 

(e) The assemblings— as 1. Assemble to the right 2. 
March. 

204. Q. When at regimental formations, at whose command 

of execution should you execute the manual and 
other movements? 
A. At the command of execution given by my battalion 
commander. 

205. Q. When your company is in line of skirmishers (extended 

order) and is ordered to fix bayonets, how is this 
done? 
A. Each front rank man will fix bayonets at once; when 
they start firing again the remainder of the company 
will fix their bayonets and at once take up the fire 
again. 

School of the Squad 

206. Q. What is meant by a "squad leader"? 

A. A corporal or experienced private who is placed in 
charge of a squad (7 men and the leader). 

207. Q. When the corporal steps out of ranks what does his 

rear rank man do? 
A. He steps into the front rank. 

208. Q. Is this blank file then covered? 
A. No. 

209. Q. After once being assigned to a squad what should you 

be careful not to go? 
A. Not to allow myself to be separated from it. 

210. Q. In case your squad is broken up what should you do? 
A. I should at once join another squad and obey its leader^ 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 39 

211. Q. When marching in close order what seven things should 

you be careful to do? 
A. (a) If ahead or behind the line to gain or lose distance 
gradually, I should not jerk back and forth. 

(b) To give way to the right or left gradually. 

(c) To keep my 4 inch interval and 40 inch distance. 

(d) To keep covered in file. 

(e) To keep dressed towards the guide. 

(f) To keep my head and eyes up. 

(g) To carry my rifle properly. 

212. Q. If your squad has numbers 2 and 3 blank files, what 

does number 1, rear rank, do at the command 1. 
Stack 2. Arms? 
A. He should take the place of number 2, rear rank, while 
making and breaking the stack. 

213. Q. May arms be stacked with bayonets fixed? 
A. No. 

214. Q. When arms are stacked, how should you pass from 

one side of the line of stacks to the other? 
A. I should go around it — never through the line of stacks. 

215. Q. When the corporal gives the command "follow me" 

how does the squad execute it? 
A. (a) If in line or in skirmish line, No. 2 front rank fol- 
lows the corporal at about 3 paces, the other men 
keeping dressed on No. 2. 
(b) If in column the head of the column follows the 
corporal. 

216. Q. At what gait snould you execute the command 1. As 

Skirmishers 2. March? 
A. At a run. 

217. Q. At the command 1. Assemble 2. March, when do 

you move at a double time? 
A. When my squad leader continues to move forward. 

218. Q. If your squad is drilling alone under the corporal and 

he gives the command 1. As Skirmishers 2. March, 
upon whom is the line of skirmishers formed? 
A. Upon number 2, front rank. 



40 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

219. Q. If your squad is drilling with other squads in the com- 

pany or platoon and the command 1. as Skirmishers 
2. March, is given, upon whom is the line of skir- 
mishers formed in your squad? 
A. Upon the corporal, who remains in the line. 

220. Q. When the squad is acting alone who is the guide? 

A. Number 2, front rank; it is his duty to follow the cor- 
poral. 

221. Q. Unless otherwise ordered, what interval should there 

be between skirmishers? 

A. One-half pace (15 inches), measured from elbow to 
elbow. 

222. Q. In deploying as skirmishers where does the rear rank 

man always place himself? 
A. On the right of his front rank file. 

223. Q. May you assemble when marching to the rear? 
A. No. 

Loadings and Firings 

224. Q. May you fire while marching? 

A. No, the firings are always executed from the halt. 

225. Q. When given commands for firing in close order, when 

only, does the rear rank load, aim or fire? 
A. Only when the firing is to be executed at the stand- 
ing position. 

226. Q. Your aiming point or target having been given to you, 

when may you change to another? 
A. Only when so ordered. 

227. Q. If in line of skirmishers may you load while moving? 

A. Yes, holding my rifle as nearly as possible in the posi- 
tion of "load." 

228. Q. Having been given the command "fire at will," when 

do you commence firing? 
A. At once, without further command. 

229. Q. What should you do when given the command or 

signal "suspend firing"? 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 41 

A. I should lock my loaded piece and watch the target. 

230. Q. What should you do when given the command or signal 

"cease firing"? 
A. I should lock my loaded piece, lay down the sight leaf 
and come to the order. 

^The Use of Cover 

231. Q. In taking cover from the enemy's fire what kind of a 

position should you choose? 
A. One from which I can fire easily and effectively upon 
the enemy. 

232. Q. How should you advance against the enemy? 

A. As steadily and quickly as possible, keeping out of 
his sight as much as possible while going forward: 
I should always keep in touch with, and in my proper 
place in my squad. 

233. Q. How should you fire from behind cover? 

A. From the right side if possible, otherwise over the 
top. 

234. Q. Why should you not remain long in one place? 

A. Because the enemy will discover me and get my range. 

235. Q. Before starting forward what should you try to do? 
A. To pick out a place in front of me where I can halt 

and get cover. 

236. Q. When you move forward why should you run rapidly? 
A. Because I will then make a poorer target for the enemy. 

237. Q. How should you get up to run forward? 

A. I should spring at once from the lying position to the 
run. 

238. Q. Why should you do this? 

A. So as not to make a target for the enemy; if I rise part 
way before running I attract his attention and draw 
his fire. 

239. Q. What should you do when about to halt? 

A. I should throw myself at once from the running posi- 
tion to the lying position. 



42 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

240. Q. When you can no longer move forward by running 

what should you do? 

A. I should crawl forward. 

241. Q. What is a good way to crawl forward? 

A. Lie on the left side, grasp rifle in right hand and push 
myself forward with the right leg. 

242. Q. If you are alone and you are fired upon by the enemy 

what should you do? 

A. I should drop to the ground, look for cover and try 
to locate the enemy. I should not fire unless to 
defend myself or to give a necessary alarm. 

Observation 

243. Q. When in the field why should you always notice cara 

fully your position and all the prominent objects neai 
it? 

A. (a) To practice the eye in estimating distances. 

(b) To have my bearings at all times. 

(c) To quickly locate the enemy in case he should 
suddenly turn up in the neighborhood. 

Night Operations 

244. Q. If sent out to make a night attack what six things 

should you bear in mind? 

A. (a) Not to load my rifle unless ordered. 

(b) Not to talk. 

(c) Not to smoke or light matches. 

(d) Not to allow my equipment to rattle. 

(e) To watch carefully and see that I do not stumble or 
make any unnecessary noise. 

(f) Not to allow myself to become separated from the 
others, specially those in my squad. 

245. Q. When required to fire at night how may you improve 

your aim? 

A. By tying a white rag on the front sight. 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 43 

Infantry Against Cavalry 

246. Q. What is the most dangerous thing you can do if fight- 

ing Cavalry or mounted men? 
A. To run away or get in any position where I cannot 
use my rifle or bayonet. 

247. Q. In a fight with a mounted man on which side of him 

should you try to stay? 
A. On his left side— that is, the side away from his pistol 
and saber hand. 

248. Q. What is the best position to meet the charge of a mounted 

man? 
A. Standing. A horse will not run over a man if he can 
help it. 

249. Q. In a scrimmage with a mounted man what chance have 

you against him with your bayonet? 
A. At least an even chance. 

Patrolling 

250. Q. What is a patrol? 

A. A detachment of men sent out from a body of troops 
to gain information of the country or of the enemy 
or to keep the enemy from getting information. In 
special cases it may be sent out for other purposes 
— for example, a patrol might be sent out to blow 
up a bridge or tear up a railroad track. 

251. Q. May you at any time become the leader of a patrol? 

If so, in what way? 
A. (a) Yes, the corporal may become disabled and I may 
be the private with the longest service. 
(b) I may be designated as an acting corporal in com- 
mand of a patrol. 

252. Q. How large may a patrol be? 
A. From two men to a company. 

253. Q. When should a patrol be small? 

A. When its only purpose is to gain information and it does 
not expect to fight for it nor to have to send back 
many messages. 



44 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

254. Q. When should a patrol be large? 

A. When it may have to fight and drive off enemy patrols; 
also when it may have to send back many messages. 

255. Q. In order to be a good patrol leader what is necessary? 
A. (a) Should be able to cover a large tract of ground 

with few men and still control their movements by 
signals or otherwise. 

(b) Should be able to estimate the strength of the enemy 
when discovered. 

(c) Should be able to report accurately what is 
discovered. 

(d) Should be able to read signs correctly. 

(e) Should be able to judge as to the importance of 
information received. 

(f) Should have courage, endurance, and good judg- 
ment. 

(g) Should be able to travel across country off roads 
day and night without being lost. 

256. Q. With what should a patrol leader provide himself 

beside his arms and ammunition? 

A. Compass, watch, note book, pencil, message blank, and 
map of country if possible. 

257. Q. What should a patrol leader do as soon as he is given 

his instructions for going out? 

A. (a) He should make sure he understands his instruc- 
tions by repeating them to the Officer who is send- 
ing him out. 
(b) If he has a map he should locate himself and where 
he is to go and have his commander verify it. 

258. Q. After getting his instructions correctly what should 

the patrol leader do? 

A. (a) Assembles the men detailed for the patrol. 

(b) Inspects their arms and ammunition. 

(c) Sees that none have maps, papers, etc., that might 
be of value to the enemy in case of capture. 

(d) Sees that arms and accoutrements do not glisten 
or rattle. 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 45 

1(e) Repeats his instructions from the Officer, to his 
patrol seeing that all understand them, 
(f) Explains the signals to be used. 
(g) Designates a man to command the patrol in case 
the leader is captured or disabled, and also a "get 
away man." 

259. Q. What general rule should be followed as to the forma- 

tion of the patrol? 

A. (a) Always have the men so arranged that they can 
quickly see my signals; quickly move to one side or 
the other; quickly join me. 
(b) Always adopt a formation so that in case of capture 
or a fight at least one man may escape. 

260. Q. What general formation is usually adopted? 

A. A formation having a main or central body, an ad- 
vance guard, a rear guard, and right and left flank 
guards. 

261. Q. (a) If you are sent out with a patrol of four men (5 

counting yourself) how would you arrange them to 
agree with this general formation? 

A. I would put one man about 40 yards to my front (that 
is, towards the enemy), one man about 40 yards to 
my left, one man about 40 yards to my right and 
one man about 40 yards in my rear. I would then 
represent the main or central body myself, 
(b) What is another excellent formation? 



[ 



15 to f # Point 

20 yards 



10 to f X # <a 

15 yards \ # £ £ 2 

{ . 



Commander 
No. 1 



20 

yards 



• Get away man 

Commander sends Nos. 1 and 2 to the flanks as needed. 
Q. How do you decide what the distances shall be be- 
tween parts of your patrol? 



46 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. I use my best judgment. 

(a) In open country I would make distances greater 
than in a close wooded country. 

(b) With a small patrol I would not separate parts 
by more than 50 yards. With a large patrol I would 
put the limit at 100 yards. 

263. Q. Are there any hard and fast rules laid down for dis- 

tances, formations, movements, etc., of a patrol? 
A. No. 

264. Q. Why is this so? 

A. Because in each case things come up which require 
special action not applying to other cases. No gen- 
eral rule will apply. (See exception question 130, 
this pamphlet.) 

265. Q. How should a patrol pass over a hill? 

A. Leader should first send one man ahead to look over 
top; if clear he should signal "come on." 

266. Q. How does a patrol pass a house or inclosure? 

A. Leader sends one man to investigate, or he avoids it 
entirely. 

267. Q. How does a patrol pass through a wood? 
A. Generally in a thin skirmish line. 

268. Q. What are some things that may indicate the char- 

acter of enemy troops? 
A. (a) Abandoned camp sites. 

(b) Abandoned clothing or equipage. 

(c) Insignia on uniforms. 

(d) Camp fires. 

(e) Clouds of dust — low for Infantry, high and thin for 
Cavalry, a broken cloud for Artillery or wagons. 

269. Q. When should a patrol fight? 

A. (a) When it cannot get the information required in any 
other way. 

(b) When it has the information but has to fight to get 
back with it. 

(c) When it was sent out to keep the enemy from getting 
information. 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 47 

(d) When it has done what it was sent out to do and 
fighting will keep the enemy from learning something. 
Must not fight if it interferes with doing what patrol 
was sent out to do, must not fight just to be fighting; 
always have a good reason. 

270. Q. When a patrol leader gets important information what 

should he do? 
A. Unless patrol is to return at once the leader should 
send the information back by one of the members 
of the patrol. 

271. Q. In the conduct of a patrol what is very important? 

A. That you, as leader, require the members to contin- 
ually watch you for signals and to promptly obey 
your orders, which may be expressed verbally or 
by signals. 

Messages 

272. Q. What is a message? 

A. A short account of something that has happened; much 
like a telegram. 

273. Q. If a patrol leader sends a written message what should 

it contain? 
A. (a) From whom sent. Example— Corporal Jones' Pa- 
trol, or, if numbered, Patrol No. 3. 

(b) Location of Patrol when message was sent— 200 
yards north of Smith's farmhouse. 

(c) Date— 15 Sept., 15; 22 July, 14, etc. 

(d) The hour— 8:45 A. M. 

(e) The number— No. 2, meaning the second mes- 
sage this patrol had sent out. 

(f) To whom sent— To Comdg. Officer, Co. F. 3 Inf. 

(g) Body of message. 

(h) Signature of patrol leader — Jones, Corpl. 
(i) How sent — foot messenger, motorcyclist, etc. 

274. Q. How should the information be written in the message? 
A. In my best hand-writing using only necessary words. 

275. Q. What form is followed for a message? 



48 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. The message blank furnished companies. 

276. Q. In messages how should dates be written? 

A. 13 Aug., 15; 5 Oct., 14, meaning August thirteenth, 
1915; October fifth, 1914. 

277. Q. How should a road always be spoken of? 

A. By the points it connects. Example — the Water- 
town-Madison Barracks Road. 

278. Q. Why not refer to a road by one place only, as the Water- 

town road? 
A. Too indefinite — there might be a dozen Watertown 
roads. 

279. Q. How should the name of a road always be written? 
A. Use a dash to connect points on the road. Water- 
town-Madison Barracks road. Smithville-Hender- 
son road. 

280. Q. In messages how should you refer to any position? 
A. By points of the compass — not by terms "right," 

"left," etc., except for banks of streams. Example 
— 200 yards north of Smith's farmhouse. 
28irQ."Why not use "right," "left," etc? 

A. Too indefinite — does not give an exact description of 
position. 

282. Q. If the bank of a stream is referred to as the "right" 

bank or the "left" bank, what does it mean? 
A. The right or left bank as you face down stream. Ex- 
ample — the right bank of the Mississippi river would 
be the western bank. 

283. Q. What is wrong with the firstmessage on next page? 

284. Q. Is the second message any better? If, so, why? 

285. Q. If a verbal message is to be sent what should be done? 

A. Require the messenger to repeat it several times until 
he can state it to you exactly as you want it delivered. 

286. Q. How long may a verbal message be? 

A. It should contain but one statement only. Example 
— Company E will arrive at Madison Barracks at 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 



49 



5:00 P. M. to-day. Note — try your squad or de- 
tachment in relaying a simple verbal message. You 
will be surprised. 
287. Q. Which is better, verbal or written messages? 
A. The written usually. 




Communicated by 
BUZZER, PHONE, TELEGRAPH, 
RADIO. LANTERN, HELIO t 
FLAG, CYCLIST, FOOT MESSEN- 
GER, MOUNTED MESSENGER. 
(Underscore means used) 



A 
Date 



2V 



" ft feteftW* 



/}t Z Hour 7, 7^ N o 



















GfiiM/j*AZiZZ} 



deceived. 



U. S. ARMY FIELD MESSAGE 



Communicated by 
BUZZER. PHONE. TELEGRAPH, 
RADIO, LANTERN, HELIO. 
FLAG, CYCLIST. FOOT MESS EN- 
GER. MOUNTED MESSENGER. 
(Underscore deans used) 



From 



lo^As. 



Rsjc'd by 



fa 

ps Onfy 



"CE3T 



to CO- . ^ .3- t s 9 ^ 



Date fr ff ! ^lAAVft/ 1 1 S hout *? '• ( fjftftfo-1 









/V*v 






^rVVM^U 1 &V^L&». 



Received. 



50 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

288. Q. How should a message be sent when in the enemy's 

country? 
A. (a) Either by sending two men together, or two men 
by different routes, 
(b) If near our own troops and no danger from the 
enemy one man is enough, especially if the message is 
not very important. 

289. Q. When carrying a written message in the enemy's country 

what precaution should you take? 
A. I should figure ahead how I can conceal it and what I 
could do to destroy it if threatened with capture. 

290. Q. Should a patrol leader always send information at once 

if he receives information? 
A. He must use his best judgment as to whether or not 
the information is of enough importance. If in 
doubt, it is a safe rule to send it in. Always send it 
in when the enemy is seen for the first time, even if 
only a patrol in strength. 

291. Q. How should a patrol leader keep in touch with members 

of his patrol? 
A. (a) By arm signals. 

(b) Any signals agreed upon before starting. 

(c) By word of mouth in a quiet tone to those near. 

292. Q. How may a patrol leader signal to the main body? 
A. Use the signal flag. 

Marching 

293. Q. What is one of the most important things an In- 

fantry soldier has to do? 
A. To learn to march well. 

294. Q. What is of great importance in marching? 

A. The care of the feet and proper fitting of shoes. 

295. Q. Where can you obtain useful information as to the 

proper care of your feet? 
A. See Questions 912 to 923 of this book. 

296. Q. Should you drink water on the march? 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 51 

A. See Questions 966 to 969 of this book. 

297. Q. What should you do at the first halt of a march? 
A. See Questions 964 and 965 of this book. 

298. Q. In what manner should you march? 

A. At a uniform rate: I should not jerk back and forth or 
otherwise irritate my comrades. 

299. Q. When should an Infantry soldier fall out on the march? 
A. Only as a last resort — when absolutely unable to keep 

up. His will power should keep him going after he 
thinks he is too tired. 

300. Q. Why should he not fall out? 

A. (a) His worth to the government that takes care of him 
is measured largely by his ability to march, 
(b) Unless for a very good reason, he is liable to be con- 
sidered a "weakling." 

301. Q. When necessary to fall out, what should be done? 

A. Soldier should obtain permit from an Officer of his 
company (his captain if present), and present it to the 
surgeon who will dispose of his case. 

302. Q. About how many miles does a company march in an 

hour? 
A. About three miles. 

Protection on the March 

303. Q. How is a body of troops protected from the enemy 

while on the march? 
A. By covering detachments sent out to the front, flanks 
and rear. They are called Advance Guards, Flank 
Guards and Rear Guards, 

304. Q. Give the names of the parts of an Advance Guard in 

order from the main body? 
A. Reserve, Support, Advance Party. 

305. Q. What does the Advance Party send out? 
A. A point, which is a patrol of four or five men. It may, if 

necessary, send out other patrols to the right and left 
called flankers. 



52 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

306. Q. What are the duties of the Point? 

A. (a) to keep a sharp watch for the enemy and to report 
promptly when he is discovered. 

(b) To keep in communication with the Advance 
Party at all times, and obey promptly all orders 

* sent forward. 

(c) To follow the right road. 

3Q7. Q. What are the duties of the flankers? 

A. (a) To keep a sharp lookout for the enemy and to report 
promptly when he is discovered. 

(b) To search thoroughly any cover that might hide a 
detachment of the enemy. 

(c) To keep in communication [with the Advance 
Party whenever possible. 

(d) To observe the surrounding country from any 
heights near the line of march. 

808. Q. What generally are the duties of all parts of an Advance 
Guard? 
A. To clear the road and offer enough resistance to the 
enemy to allow the next body in rear to get ready to 
fight. 

309. Q. In marching against an enemy where should we always 

expect to find our Advance Guard? 
A. The Advance Guard will always be found marching in our 
front; that is, between our main body and the enemy. 

310. Q. What are "connecting files"? 

A. One or two men detailed to march between parts of an 
Advance Guard, or between Advance Guard and the 
main body. 

311. Q. What are the duties of a connecting file? 

A. (a) To keep a sharp watch both to front and rear for 
signals. 

(b) To pass on correctly any signals he may receive. 

(c) To see that the next body in rear takes the proper 
road. 

(d) To see that proper distances are kept between the 
body in his front and rear 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 53 

312. Q. Are all the parts of an Advance Guard always used? 
A. No — a company when marching alone would use a point 

only, as its Advance Guard ; and a battalion might use 
only an Advance Party with its point ''and flankers if 
necessary). 

313. Q. When the main body comes to a halt for the night what 

takes the place of an Advance Guard? 
A. The Outpost. 

314. Q. Give the names of the parts of a Rear Guard in order 

from the main body? 
A. Reserve, Support, Rear Party. 

315. Q. What does the Rear Party send out? 

A. A rear point, which is a patrol of four or five men. It 
may, if necessary, send out other patrols to the right 
and left rear, called flankers. 

316. Q. When is a Rear Guard of great importance? 

A. When our main body is retreating from the enemy. 

317. Q. In such a case where should we always expect to And our 

Rear Guard? 
A. Between our main body and the pursuing enemy. 

318. Q. What generally is the duty of the Rear Guard? 

A. To protect our main body from an attack in rear, and to 
delay the advance of a pursuing enemy. 

319. Q. What does the formation of a Rear Guard look like? 
A. Like an Advance Guard turned about. 

320. Q. May a Rear Guard have connecting files? 
A. Yes, the same as an Advance Guard. 

321. Q. How can you tell how far apart the different parts of an 

Advance or Rear Guard should be from each other? 

A. That will be regulated by the Commanding Officer and 
may be different in each march 

322. Q. What is the purpose of a Flank Guard? 

A. To cover the flank of a column of troops that is marching 
past, or across the front of an enemy. 

323. Q. What is an Outpost? 



54 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. A covering detachment detailed to protect troops in 
camp against surprise, and to hold off the enemy until 
the troops in camp can get ready to meet him. 

324. Q. What takes the place of an Outpost when troops take up 

the march? 
A. The Advance Guard (or Rear Guard in a retreat)." 

325. Q. What does the formation of the Outpost look like? 
A. Like a large fan spread out between the camp and the 

enemy. 

326. Q. What are the names of the parts of an Outpost in order 

from the camp? 
A. Reserve, the line of Supports, the line of Outguards. 

327. Q. For what is the reserve used? 

A. To support the troops in front (that is, the supports and 
outguards); or to hold a rallying position for them if 
driven in. 

328. Q. For what is the line of supports used? 

A. (a) To do the fighting if attacked; it is often called 
"The Line of Resistance." 
(b) To furnish the Outguards. 

329. Q. How are the supports numbered? 
A. From right to left 

330. Q. How strong may a support be? 

A. From half a company to a battalion. 

331. Q. Where are supports usually placed? 

A. On or near a road leading towards the enemy. 

332. Q. What are Outguards? 

A. The small detachments that are sent out farthest to- 
wards the enemy. 

333. Q. What kinds of Outguards may there be? 

A. (a) Pickets. 

(b) Sentry Squads. 

(c) Cossack Posts. 

334. Q. How are they numbered? 

A. From right to left in each support. 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 55 

335. Q. What is a Picket? 

A. Two or more squads, posted on the line of Outguards to 
cover a certain territory. 

336. Q. What may a Picket furnish? 
A. (a) Patrols. 

(b) One or more sentinels, double sentinels, sentry 
squads or cossack posts. 

337. Q. Where are pickets usually placed? 

A. On the more important points in the line of Outguards, 
such as at road forks. 

338. Q. What is a Sentry Squad? 

A. A squad of eight men posted in observation at a certain 
point. 

339. Q. How is it used? 

A. The corporal posts a double sentinel to watch for the 
enemy; he places the rest nearby under cover if pos- 
sible, and uses them for 2nd and 3rd Reliefs and one 
extra man for messages, etc. 

340. Q. What is a Cossack Post? 

A. A group of four men posted in observation at a certain 
point. 

341. Q. How does the Cossack Post differ from the Sentry 

Squad? 
A. The Cossack Post has half as many men and but a single 
sentry is kept in observation. 

342. Q. When are single sentinels (from Cossack Posts) usually 

used? 
A. In the day time. 

343. Q. When are double sentinels (from Sentry Squads) usually 

used? 
A. At night. 

344. Q. How are sentinel posts numbered? 
A. From right to left in each Outguard. 

345. Q. Where is the line of sentinels placed? 

A. Farthest out towards the enemy; they occupy the 
"Line of Observation." 



56 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

346. Q. What should every sentinel on Outpost duty know as 

soon as posted on the "Line of Observation?" 
A. (a) Names of towns nearby. 

(b) Where roads lead to. 

(c) Names of streams. 

(d) Direction and location of enemy, if known. 

(e) Number of his own post. 

(f) Direction and location of neighboring sentinels and 
of his own support or picket. 

(g) Names of his picket or support commander. 

(h) Whether or not any of our own troops have passed 

out to the front. 
(i) What to do if flags of truce, deserters, or the enemy 

appear. (See page 6Q). Questions 350 and 351. 
(k) When to fire. 

347. Q. What is meant by a Detached Post? 

A. When a detachment is sent out from the Reserve to cover 
roads, or ground not in the general Outpost line it is 
called a "Detached Post." 

348. Q. What is very necessary between all parts of the Outpost? 
A. That there be good communication by flags, wire or 

patrols. 

349. Q. How can you tell how far apart the different parts of an 

Outpost should be from each other? 
A. That will be regulated by the Outpost Commander and 
may be different each day. 

350. Q. How is the bearer of a flag of truce and his escort re- 

ceived at the Outpost? 
A. They are halted by the sentinel and required to face out- 
ward. They are then blindfolded and taken as di- 
rected by the Support Commander. If they fail to 
obey they are fired upon. No one is allowed to talk 
with them before reaching the Support Commander. 

351. Q. How are deserters from the enemy received at the Out- 

post? 

A. They are halted and required to lay down their arms. A 
rol is sent out to bring them in. If deserters are 



INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 57 

pursued by the enemy they are ordered to drop their 
arms and an alarm is at once turned in. If the de- 
serters fail to obey they are fired upon. 

Ceremonies and Inspection 

352. Q. Where should you look to settle arguments about 

questions on ceremonies, such as parades, reviews, 
escorts, etc.? 
A. In the Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911, pages 159 to 170. 

353. Q. Where should you look to settle arguments about 

questions on Inspections and Muster? 
A. In the Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911, pages 171 to 176. 

354. Q. When marching in review, in order to do your share to- 

wards the appearance of the company what six things 
should you keep in mind? 
A. (a) To keep the head up. 

(b) Eyes off the ground. 

(c) Rifle at the proper angle. 

(d) Keep in step with the music. 

(e) Keep dressed towards the guide. 

(f) Not to swing the arms excessively. 

Tent Pitching 

355. Q. For what is the shelter half used? 

A. For the purpose of putting up a shelter tent with another 
man who also has a shelter half. 

356. Q. Where can you find complete description of how a 

shelter tent is pitched? 
A. In paragraph 793, Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911. 

357. Q. When pitching one of the large tents (wall, conical or 

pyramidal) how should the pins be driven into the 
ground? 
A. (a) The guy pins (those farthest out from tent) are 
driven sloping towards the tent, 
(b) Wall pins slope away from tent. 
?^§8. Q. Why should a tent always be ditched? 



58 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Proper ditching causes rain to be carried away from tent; 
if not ditched the water will enter under tent walls and 
in addition to making it uncomfortable will make the 
inside of tent damp and unhealthy. 

359. Q. During rainy weather what should be done to the large 

tents? 
A. The guy ropes should all be loosened, otherwise tent is 
liable to tear or the pins to be pulled out of the ground. 

360. Q. In very rocky ground how may the tent be pitched when 

pins cannot be driven? 
A. Cut a pole as long as width of tent and thread it through 
the loops on that side; by laying this pole on ground 
and anchoring it with heavy rocks it will serve the 
purpose better than pins. 

361. Q. In camp during good weather what should be done to 

» the tent? 
A. Sides should be rolled up and fastened to allow airing and 
sunlight to enter. 



CHAPTER III 



SIGNALING 

362. Q. Why should you know how to signal? 

A. (a) Because it increases my usefulness in peace and war. 
(b) I may, at any time, be the only proficient one 
present when it is important to send or to receive a 
message. 

363. Q. What is the first thing to learn in flag signaling? 
A. How to use the flag. 

364. Q. What are the four positions for flag signaling? 
A. (a) Starting position — see figure 1. 

(b) The dot — see figure 2. 

(c) The dash — see figure 3. 

(d) The front — see figure 4. 





Fig. l 



DOT 

Fig. 2 





365. Q. These positions look easy, why do they give trouble? 
A. Because the beginner is careless and does not make each 

movement separate and distinct from the one to follow. 
He runs one into the other which makes it impossible 
for the other party to read the letters. 

366. Q. What is '<., good way to keep the flag from wrapping 

around the staff while sending a message? 
A. Make the dots and dashes with a sort of "figure 8" 
motion across the front of the body. 
-367. Q. What is the second thing to learn? 

59 



60 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. The letters of the alphabet in the "General Service 
Code." 

368. Q. What is the quickest and easiest way to study them? 
A. Group them in pairs of "opposites" and that will leave 

but four letters without "opposites," as follows: 

GENERAL SERVICE CODE 

(International Morse Code.) 
Used for visual (except semaphore) and sound signaling, radio teleg- 
raphy, on cables using siphon recorders, in communication with the Navy, 
and in intra-Field Artillery buzzer communication. 

OPPOSITES NUMBERS 

A-— N — • H ••■• I •_-.-_ 

B «— •»• v***-» C — •—■■ 2 •• — —> — 

D ■»•• u • •■■» J •<—■-»— 3 • ••«»■— 

F •••—• L •— »•• Z «—» — •• 4- •••• — 

G — — • w — — 5 

K •»•■■■ R e«a»e 6 — •••• 

p ,_.«.• X — ••— 7 —«—•.. 

E- T— " 9- 

I .. m ° ~ 

S ••- O «-«- — 

369. Q. What is a help in learning the numbers? 
A. (a) Note that each number has five marks. 

(b) Note that— 
No. 1 has but one dot. 
No. 2 has but two dots. 
No. 3 has but three dots. 
No. 4 has but four dots. 
No. 5 has but five dots. 
No. 6 has but one dash. 
No. 7 has but two dashes. 
No. 8 has but three dashes. 
No. 9 has but four dashes. 
No. has but five dashes. 

370. Q. What is a convenient way to send the numbers in a 

message? 
A. Spell them out. Example: 

27 would be sent as follows: twenty-seven. 



SIGNALING 



61 



7th would be sent as follows: seventh. 
1915 would be sent as follows: nineteen fifteen. 
371. Q. What are the "conventional" signals in the General 
Service Code? 
A. Certain signals used to shorten time of sending mes- 
sages, as follows: 



CONVENTIONAL SIGNALS 
(General Service Code) 



End of word front 

End of sentence front front 

End of message. . .front front front 

Signature follows sig. front 

Error AA front 

Acknowledgment, or, I un- 
derstand MM front 

Cease signalling MMM front 

Repeat after (word), 

CC front A front (word) 



front 



Repeat last word, CC front 
Repeat last message, 

CCC front front front 
Move a little to the right . . RR front 
Move a little to the left. . .LL front 
Move a little uphill.. UU front 
Move a little downhill, DD front 

Signal faster FF front 

Wait a moment . — ... front 
Break, or stop sending. . .BK front 



PUNCTUATION 

Period -- -- -- 

Comma 

Interrogation 

Hyphen or dash 

Parentheses (before and after the words) 

Quotation mark (beginning and ending) 

Exclamation 

Apostrophe 

Semicolon 

Colon 

Bar indicating fraction ■ 

Underline (before and after the word or words it is wished 

to underline) 

Double dash (between preamble and address, between 
address and body of message, between body of message 

and signature, and immediately before a fraction) 

Cross 

372. Q. What is a slow but sure way of getting a message 

through? 
A. Have receiver repeat each letter before I send him the 
next. 

373. Q. What kind of flag should be used against a dark back- 

ground? 
A. A white flag. 

374. Q. What kind of flag should be used against a light back- 

ground? 



62 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. A dark colored flag. 

375. Q. Why should you study the background before sig- 

naling? 

A. Because if I use the wrong colored flag the receiver 
will be unable to see the flag movements distinctly 
, and will be unable to get the message. 

376. Q. What is a great help in reading a distant message? 
A. A pair of field glasses. 

377. Q. What other system of signaling should you learn after 

the General Service Code? 

A. The two-Arm Semaphore Code. 

378. Q. When is it used? 
A. For short distances. 

379. Q. What advantage has the "General Service" over the 

"Semaphore"? 

A. The General Service can be used from the prone po- 
sition which is the position most used on the battle- 
field. 

380. Q. What is the quickest and easiest way to learn the 

Semaphore Code? 

A. (a) Learn the first seven letters as they come. 

(b) Group the others in pairs of "opposites" and that 
will leave but three letters without "opposites." 

TWO ARM SEMAPHORE 

(a) LEARN the first seven letters (a to g inclusive) as they come. 

Note — It will be noticed that they follow each other in reg- 
ular order around the body, beginning with the 
right low position for (a) and ending with the left 
low position for (g). 

(b) LEARN the following "opposites:" 

H— Z, I— X, J— P, K— V, M— S, N— U, 0— W, Q— Y. 
The following letters have no opposites: 
L, R, and T. 



SIGNALING 



63 



TSSoT 







K 4 







HES 




M 




N 




INTERROGATORY 




- xrnK&kn vV 




■tf* 



ACKNOWLEDGE 








w 







NUMERALS 




381. Q. Give the "conventional" signals in the Semaphore 
Code. 
A. 

CONVENTIONAL SIGNALS AND INSTRUCTIONS 
(Two-Arm Semaphore Code.) 

To call or answer: "Attention" followed by call letter of station called. 

Repeat as necessary. 
Both stations then make "Interval." 
Repeat last word: CC "Interval" twice. 
Repeat last message: CCC "Interval" three times. 
Repeat after (word): CC "Interval" A (word). 
End of word: "Interval." 
End of sentence: "Chop-chop" signal (made by placing both arms at the 

right horizontal and moving them up and down in a cutting motion). 
End of message: Two successive "chop-chop" signals and withdrawing 

Sags from view. 



64 



THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 



Error: AA "Interval" then repeat word. 

To break in: "Attention." 

Acknowledgment or understood: R. 

"Negative," "Affirmative," or "Interrogatory," followed by "Interval," 
give corresponding meanings to the following signal. 

Receiver acknowledges "Attention" whenever made, also "Repeat," etc., 
and "End of message," when latter is understood. 

While waiting for "Acknowledgment," or in case of delay, remain at "In- 
terval." 

Words not in code are spelled out, 

"Numerals" precedes every number sent and indicates numerals until 
"Interval" is made, after which letters recur without any further 
indication. When numerals follow letters no intervening "Inter- 
val" is necessary. The numerals are the first ten letters in order. 

When communicating with the Navy numerals will be spelled out. 

382. Q. In the Semaphore Code what is the meaning of the 

following words you find written in the small squares? 
A. Error — A. — mistake. 
Negative — A. — no. 
Interrogatory — A. — a question. 
Affirmative — A. — yes. 
Acknowledge — A. — I understand. 
Numerals — A. — numbers are to be sent. 

383. Q. Why do you find numbers (1 to 0) written in the small 

squares on the left? 
A. Because those flag positions represent the numbers 
as well as the letters written in those squares. 

384. Q. In the Infantry what are the signals used between 

firing line and troops in rear? 

A. 

For communication between the firing line and the reserve or commander 
in the rear, the subjoined signals (Signal Corps codes) are prescribed and 
should be memorized. In transmission, their concealment from the enemy's 
view should be insured. In the absence of signal flags, the headdress or 
other substitute may be used. 



Letter of 
alphabet 


If signaled from the rear to 
the firing line 


If signaled from the firing 
line to the rear 


AM 

CCC 

C F 


Ammunition going forward 
Charge (mandatory at all 

times). 
Cease firing 


Ammunition required. 
Am about to charge if no in- 
structions to the contrary. 
Cease firing. 


DT 

F 


Double time or "rush" . . . 
Commence firing 


Double time or "rush." 
Commence firing. 


FB 


Fix bayonets 


Fix bayonets. 



SIGNALING 



65 



Letter of 
alphabet 

FL 

G 

HHH 

K 

LT 



(Ardois and 

semaphore 

only.) 

(All methods 
but Ardois 
and sema- 
phore.) 

P 

R 

RN 

RT 

sss 

SUF 

T 



If signaled from the rear to 
the firing line 

Artillery fire is causing us 

losses. 

Move forward 

Halt 

Negative 

Left 

What is the (R. N. etc.)? 

Interrogatory. 



What is the (R. N. etc.)? 
Interrogatory. 



Affirmative 

Acknowledgment 

Range 

Right 

Support going forward , 

Suspend firing 

Target 



If signaled from the firing 
line to the rear 



Artillery fire is causing us 



Preparing to move forward. 
Halt. 
Negative. 
Left. 

What is the (R. N. etc.)? 
Interrogatory. 



What is the (R. N. etc.)? 
Interrogatory. 



Affirmative. 

Acknowledgment. 

Range. 

Right. 

Support needed. 

Suspend firing. 

Target. 



385. Q. In the Cavalry what are the signals used? 

A. 

All those used by Infantry except F B (Fix Bayonets), and also the fol- 
lowing: 



M — Bring up horses (if signaled 
from front to rear). 



M — Horses going forward (if sig- 
naled from rear to front). 



386. Q. In the Field Artillery what are the signals used? 

A. 

1. The International Morse Code will be used for all Field Artillery 
communication, except by semaphore. 

2. The following abbreviations are prescribed and will be memorized 
for communication by any method with the exceptions noted: 

- Error. (All methods but Ardois and semaphore.) 

A Error. (Ardois and semaphore only.) 

AD.... Additional. 

A K T . . Draw ammunition from combat train. 

A L Draw ammunition from limbers. 

AM.... Ammunition going forward. 
A M C . At my command. 
A P . . . . Aiming point. 

B (numerals) Battery (so many) rounds. 

B S (numerals) (Such) Battalion station. 

B L Battery from the left. 

BR.... Battery from the right. 



66 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

C C C. . Charge (mandatory at all times). Am about to charge if no v 
instructed to contrary. 

C F . . . . Cease firing. 

C S . . . . Close station. 

CT Change target. 

D Down. 

DF Deflection. 

D T . . . . Double time. Rush. Hurry. 

F ...... Commence firing. 

F C L (numerals) .... On first piece close by (so much). 

F L .... Artillery fire is causing us losses. 

FOP (numerals) .... On first piece open by (so much). 

G Move forward. Preparing to move forward. 

HHH. Halt. Action suspended. 

IX.... Execute. Go ahead. Transmit. 

J I Report firing data. 

K Negative. No. 

K R . . . . Corrector. 

L Preparatory. Attention. 

L C L (numerals) .... On fourth piece close by (so much). 

LOP (numerals) .... On fourth piece open by (so much). 

L T . . . . Left. 

L L . . . . Left from the left. 

L R . . . . Left from the right. 

L E (numerals) .... Less (so much). 

M D . . . Move down. 

ML.... Move to your left. 

MR... Move to your right. 

M U . . . Move up. 

M O (numerals) .... More (so much). 

N ..... . Annul. Cancel. 

O What is the (R. N., etc.)? Interrogatory. (Ardois and sema- 
phore only.) 

What is the (R. N., etc)? Interrogatory. (All methods bu» 

Ardois and semaphore.) 

P Affirmative. Yes. 

PS Percussion. Shrapnel. 

Q R Q . . Send faster. 

Q R S . . Send slower. 

Q R T . . Cease sending. 

R Acknowledgment. Received. 

R S .... Regimental station. 

R L Right from the left. 

R R . . . . Right from the right. 

R N Range 

R T Right. 

S Subtract. 

S C L (numerals) On second piece close by (so much). 

SOP (numerals) On second piece open by (so much). 

S H . . . . SheU 

SI Site. 

S S S . . . Support needed. 

T Target. 

T C L (numerals) On third piece close by (so much). 

TOP (numerals) On third piece open by (so much). 

U Up. 

Y (letter) .... Such battery station. 



CHAPTER IV 
RULES OF LAND WARFARE 

387. Q. What is the object of War? 

A. To defeat the enemy as soon as possible, using all the 
methods not forbidden by the laws of land warfare. 

388. Q. Name five things that are forbidden in time of war? 
A. (a) To cause suffering for the sake of revenge. 

(b) To wound, except in a fight. 

(c) To torture in order to get a confession. 

(d) To use poison in any way. 

(e) To lay waste a district needlessly. 

389. Q. Are you allowed to deceive the enemy? 

A. (a) Yes, but not in such a way as to break good faith 
with him. Example — It would be perfectly allowable 
to make the enemy think he was surrounded by a large 
force and in this way cause him to surrender his troops 
to a much smaller force. 

(b) To use spies. 

(c) To persuade the enemy's soldiers to desert. 

(d) To persuade the enemy's soldiers to surrender. 

(e) To persuade the enemy's soldiers to rebel. 

(f) To give the enemy false information. 

It would not be allowable to surprise and attack the 

enemy during a truce. 
It would not be allowable to use the Red Cross flag over 

military stores such as guns, ammunition, etc. 

390. Q. Who are your enemies in time of war? 

A. The armed persons belonging to the enemy's country. 

391. Q. What is required of you in your treatment of the enemy 

and his property if captured in times of war? 
A. (a) He must be humanely treated. 

(b) He is allowed to keep his personal property except 
arms, horses, military papers and large sums of mone^ , 
67 



68 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

392. Q. How must the unarmed citizens of the enemy country be 

treated? 
A. They must not be molested nor their private property 
disturbed, except when carrying out a proper order of 
an officer. 

393. Q. How must the unarmed citizens of the enemy living in 

our country be treated? 
A. They must not be injured nor their property taken from 
them. 

394. Q. Are you required to wear your uniform when fighting the 

enemy? 
A. Yes. 

395. Q. If you leave your own troops and join the enemy in time 

of war and are captured by your own troops, for what 
may you be tried? 
A. Desertion, and I may be punished with death. 

396. Q. What is a "Prisoner of War"? 

A. Any person belonging to the enemy's forces whom we 
capture, and who has not broken the rules of war. 
Example — If we capture an enemy, take his parole and 
release him, and again he is captured while under arms 
against us, he is not entitled to be a prisoner of war as 
he has broken his parole and may be punished with 
death. 

397. Q. Are armed persons always the only ones who may be 

made "prisoners of war"? 
A. No, persons who are of particular use to the enemy are 
considered as prisoners of war, if captured. Example 
— Couriers, guides, etc. Also newspaper men, min- 
isters, schoolteachers, etc., if they urge their people to 
resist us. 

398. Q. What becomes of the sick and wounded enemies that fall 

into our hands? 
A. They become prisoners of war and are entitled to our 
protection and care. 

399. Q. When guarding prisoners of war how must you treat 

them? 



RULES OF LAND WARFARE 69 

A. Humanely — that is, I must not be harsh or cruel to- 
wards them. 

400. Q. To whom does all property captured by soldiers belong? 
A. To the United States Government. 

401. Q. If captured as a prisoner of war and questioned by the 

enemy what two things must you answer correctly? 
A. My true name and my rank. Example — John Smith, 
Sergeant. 

402. Q. What other information may you give correctly? 

A. None — I should carefully avoid giving information that 
will help the enemy. 

403. Q. When questioned in a friendly manner by your captors 

(the enemy), what should you do? 
A. I should at once suspect that he is trying to find out 
about our troops, their strength, movements, etc., and 
should avoid giving correct information. 

404. Q. What may be done when a prisoner of war attempts to 

escape? 
A. He may be shot down. 

405. Q. What is a "parole"? 

A. A written or verbal promise made by a captured enemy 
in which he agrees that if released and allowed to go 
home he will not again take part in the war. 

406. Q. Are soldiers allowed to give their paroles? 
A. No, except through a commissioned officer. 

407. Q. What punishment may a soldier receive who gives his 

parole to the enemy, except through a commissioned 
officer? 

A. His own government may punish him with death as a 
deserter. 

408. Q. What is the limit of punishment for breaking a parole? 
A. Death. 

409. Q. If captured as a prisoner of war what is your right as to 

your religion? 

A. I am entitled to the free exercise of my own religion. 



70 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

410. Q. What are "Sanitary Troops"? 

A. Doctors, hospital corps men, nurses, etc., who are 
charged with the care of the sick and wounded. 

411. Q. What protection are the sanitary troops given in time of 

war? 
A. They must not be fired upon. 

412. Q. What protection are the sick and wounded given? 
A. They must not be fired upon. 

413. Q. WTiat protection are hospitals given? 
A. They must not be fired upon. 

414. Q. What is the emblem of the sanitary service of an army? 
A. A red cross on a white ground, worn on the left arm. 

415. Q. How else is this emblem used? 

A. It is placed on the property of sanitary troops; also used 
on flags over hospitals, ambulances, etc., and known 
as the "Red Cross Flag." 

416. Q. How are the dead on a battlefield protected? 

A. It is strictly forbidden to rob or molest them in any way. 

417. Q. What do the laws of war forbid as to the use of weapons? 
A. No weapons or other material can be used that will tend 

to cause unnecessary suffering to those wounded by 
them. Example — shrapnel, mines, hand grenades are 
allowable. Dum-dum bullets, explosive bullets, 
lances with barbed heads are forbidden. 

418. Q. What is a flag of truce? 

A. A white flag which means that the bearer desires to com- 
municate with us. 

419. Q. Does firing stop when a flag of truce is shown? 

A. It may or it may not. If the enemy sends a flag of truce 
and stops firing himself we should naturally also cease 
our fire. He may want to surrender. 

420. Q. What is meant when individual soldiers, without any 

special authority, show white handkerchiefs or flags? 

a. They desire to surrender and should be made prisoners of 
^ar\ 



RULES OF LAND WARFARE 71 

421. Q. Should you ever intentionally fire on the bearer of a flag 

of truce? 
A. Never, unless he shows treachery, or fails to obey. 

422. Q. When is a soldier liable to be taken as a spy? 

A. When he goes into the enemy's territory, in disguise or 
under false pretenses, and attempts to obtain and 
bring back information. 

(a) Example — A soldier dressed as a farmer going into 
the enemy's lines and trying to get information, would, 
if captured, be tried as a spy. 

(b) Example— A soldier going into the enemy's lines 
under protection of the Red Cross and trying to get 
information would, if caught, be tried as a spy. 

423. Q. Would a soldier in uniform who enters the enemy's lines 

and tries to get information be liable to be punished 
as a spy? 
A. No, if captured he would be a prisoner of war. 

424. Q. How is the spy always punished? 
A. By death. 

424. Q. What is treason? 

A. All unauthorized or secret communication with the 
enemy. 

426. Q. What is the punishment for treason? 
A. Usually death. 

427. Q. What is "Pillage"? 

A. The forcible taking of property in an enemy's country 
without authority, or in disobedience of orders. 

428. Q. What is the limit of punishment for pillage? 
A. Death. 

429. Q. What is a "Passport"? 

A. A written paper given to a person by a commander of 
troops, authorizing him to pass freely over the terri- 
tory occupied by the troops. 

430. Q. What is a safeguard? 

A. (a) A detachment of soldiers posted to protect persons or 
property. 



72 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

(b) A written order posted by a commander for the 
purpose of protecting persons or property. 

431. Q. What is done with soldiers left behind and posted as a 

safeguard, when taken by the enemy? 
A. They are sent back to their own forces as soon as 
practicable. 

432. Q. What may be the punishment for forcing a safeguard? 
A. Death. 

433. Q. How is the bearer of a flag of truce and his escort re- 

ceived at the Outpost? 
A. See Question 350, page 56, under Outposts. 

434. Q. How are deserters from the enemy received at the Out- 

post? 
A. See Question 351, page 56, under Outposts. 



CHAPTER V 
ARMY REGULATIONS AND DISCIPLINE 

435. Q. Why should you obey Regulations? 

A. (a) By doing so I learn my duties more quickly, 
(b) I avoid trial or reprimand. 

436. Q. Why should you deposit part of your pay each month 

with the Quartermaster? 
A. Because it gives me a bank account on which the 
Government pays 4 per cent, interest, and gives me 
something to start life on in case I do not re-enlist. 

437. Q. How can you deposit this money? 

A. By notifying the first sergeant of my company. 
488. Q. What is an "allotment"? 

A. When I request the Government to send a part of 

my pay each month to my family or relatives it is 

called an allotment. 

439. Q. How can you make an allotment? 
A. By notifying the first sergeant. 

440. Q. What is meant by the word "beneficiary"? 

A. The person to whom I wish to leave the money the 
government gives me in case I am killed or die in 
"line of duty." 

441. Q. What is allowed your beneficiary in case you are killed 

or die "in line of duty"? 
A. A sum of money equal to six months' of my pay. 

442. Q. In case you are killed or die "not in line of duty," what 

is allowed? 
A. Nothing. 

Clothing 

443. Q. Are you allowed money for clothing during your en- 

listment? 

73 



74 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Yes, the government allows me enough so that with 
proper care I should be able to save money and 
thereby increase the amount coming to me on dis- 
charge. In time of war, however, this allowance is 
suspended and only actual clothing necessary for 
the needs of the soldier is furnished. 

444. Q. How can you find out whether or not you are ahead 

in your clothing allowance? 
A. I should ask the first sergeant or company clerk; if 
behind I shall find it charged to me on the pay roll 
every six months. 

445. Q. Can you draw this clothing money at any time? 
A. No, not until my discharge. 

446. Q. Are you allowed to sell the clothing issued you by the 

government? 
A. I am not, and may be tried for doing it. 

447. Q. How should you care for your clothing? 

A. See "Rifle and Equipment," page 24 of this book. 

The Company Fund 

448. Q. What money belongs partly to you, as a member of 

your company? 
A. The "company fund," which is kept by the company 
commander and spent by him for the benefit of the 
company. 

449. Q. From where does this money come? 

A. (a) Monthly savings made on rations not drawn from 
the Commissary 

(b) Pool and billiards played in the company dur- 
ing the month. 

(c) Part of the money the company barber takes in. 

(d) Part of the money the company tailor takes in. 

(e) Rent charged for use of bicycles, boats, etc., owned 
by the company. 

(f) The company's share of the profit made in the 
Post Exchange. 

450. Q. How do you get any good out of the company fund? 

A. A good part of my daily food is bought from it; also 



ARMY REGULATIONS AND DISCIPLINE 75 

phonographs, baseball goods, etc. The company 
amusement room is usually fitted out from this fund. 



Discharges 

451. Q. When your time is up what kind of character may 

you receive on your discharge? 
A. Excellent, Very Good, Good and Fair. 

452. Q. What effect will an "Excellent" discharge have on 

your future life? 
A. If I decide to re-enlist at any time, the authorities 
will be very willing to take me in almost any com- 
pany. 
If I try for a job in civil life my discharge will often 
be a very useful recommendation. 

453. Q. What effect will a "Good" discharge have on your 

future life? 
A. (a) I may re-enlist but every organization commander 
dislikes to take me. 
(b) If I try for a job in civil life I had better keep my 
discharge hidden. 

454. Q. What effect will a "Fair" discharge have on your 

future life? 
A. I cannot re-enlist. 

In civil life I should keep it "dark." 

Absences 

455. Q. What are two very common things that keep many 

men from getting Excellent discharges? 
A. Drunkenness and going absent without leave. 

456. Q. What effect will going absent without leave have on 

your enlistment? 
A. (a) I am required to remain just that much longer to 
make up the time I stayed away, 
(b) If tried and found guilty of absence without leave 
I must also make up the time I spend in the Guard 
House. 



76 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

457. Q. What effect is "going absent' ' liable to have on my 

family or relatives? 
A. If I die or am killed while away without authority 
my beneficiary will not get the money given for a 
"line of duty" death. 

Desertion 

458. Q. What is "desertion"? 

A. When a soldier absents himself without leave and 
intends to stay away for good it is called desertion. 

459. Q. After what length of time is an absent soldier dropped 

as a deserter? 
A. After such time as the Company Commander decides 
that the soldier does not intend to return. 

460. Q. Is desertion a crime? 

A. Yes, a crime against my government. 

461. Q. What punishment is given for desertion? 
A. In time of war, it may be death. 

In time of peace, such punishment as a general court 
martial may direct; this punishment nearly always 
includes dishonorable discharge and loss of all money 
coming to me in any way; also confinement at hard 
labor. 

462. Q. Conviction of desertion has what effect on a man's 

position in civil life? 
A. He can no longer be a citizen of the United States 
and cannot hold a position of trust or profit under 
the United States. He is a marked man. 

Passes and Furloughs 

463. Q. What should you do when you return from pass or 

furlough? 
A. If my pass or furlough was given to me in writing I 
should report to the orderly room (or at place re- 
quired at my post) and turn it in. In any case I 
should let the first sergeant know at once that I am 
back. 



ARMY REGULATIONS AND DISCIPLINE 77 

464. Q. While on pass or furlough may you spend the time 

around your barracks? 
A. No, unless my company commander gives me special 
permission. 

465. Q. What is a furlough? 

A. A written permission, signed by the commanding officer, 
which allows me to be absent for a certain length 
of time. I am given ration money by the Quarter- 
master upon my return. 
166. Q. What should you do in case you are on pass or fur- 
lough and do not have enough money to get back to 
your post or station? 

A. Report to the nearest post or recruiting station. 

Retirement 

467. Q. When is a soldier entitled to retire? 

A. After thirty years' service in the army, navy or ma- 
rine corps, or in all. 

468. Q. To what is a retired soldier entitled? 

A. Three-quarters of the pay per month that he drew 
at date of retirement and also $15.75 in place of 
clothing, rations, quarters, fuel, and light. 

469. Q. When is a soldier entitled to apply for admission to 

the Soldiers' Home at Washington, D. C? 
A. After an honest and faithful service in the army of 20 
years. 

470. Q. Does he continue to be a soldier if admitted to the 

Home? 
A. No, he receives his discharge before going. 

Medal of Honor 

471. Q, What is a "Medal of Honor"? 

A. A medal which the Congress of the United States gi?es 
to Officers or Soldiers for acts of great bravery in 
action. 
472 Q. What is a "Certificate of Merit"? 



78 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. A written certificate given to a soldier by the Pres- 
ident of the United States for some distinguished act 
or acts. 

473. Q. What goes with a certificate of merit? 

A. Extra pay at the rate of $2.00 per month. 

The Flag 

474. Q. What are the colors of the flag of the United States? 
A. Red, white, and blue. 

475. Q. What do the thirteen stripes represent? 

A. The thirteen colonies, or states, that were first formed 
into the United States in the year 1776. 

476. Q. What do the stars represent? 

A. One star for each state in the United States. 

The Post Exchange 

477. Q. What is "The Post Exchange"? 

A. It is a general store run in each post for the benefit 
of the soldiers. 

478. Q. Why should you buy from the Post Exchange when 

you can? 
A. The profits are divided among the different company 
funds and in that way I get more for my money 
than buying elsewhere. 
Some of the articles are cheaper than outside. 

Rosters 

479. Q. What is a "Roster"? 

A. A list of men for duty with a record of the duty each 
has done. 

480. Q. Who runs the roster in a company, troop or battery? 
A. The First Sergeant under the Company Commander. 

481. Q. How should a roster be run? 

A. So that the one longest off that duty will be the next 
for detail. 



ARMY REGULATIONS AND DISCIPLINE 79 

4?2. Q. Wliat should you do if you have been detailed and 
do not think the roster correct? 
A. Ask the First Sergeant about it and if not then sat- 
isfied ask permission to speak to the company com- 
mander. 

The Sick 

483. Q. What should you do if you are sick? 

A. See the First Sergeant and have my name put on the 
company sick report book. 

484. Q. What should you do if your teeth need work done on 

them? 
A. See the Dental Surgeon if there is one at my post — 
his work is free to enlisted men. 

Finances 

• 85. Q. What happens if you are careless and break or lose gov- 
ernment property of any kind? 

A. I am required to pay for it. 
48G. Q. How is this usually done? 

A. It is taken out of my pay on the payrolls. 

487. Q. When you receive your monthly pay what bills must you 

settle first? 
A. Company bills (pool, barber, etc.,) and Post Exchange 
bills. 

488. Q. Do these bills always come before any outside bills? 
A. Yes, unless my company commander says otherwise. 

489. Q. Why is it a bad thing to buy on credit (called "' jaw- 

bone") outside of the company and Post Exchange? 
A. Because I am very liable to buy more than I can pay foi 
and this is sure to make me trouble sooner or later. 
Also my name will soon come up to the company com- 
mander causing more trouble and the less my name 
appears as a "trouble maker" in the company the 
better soldier I am considered. 

490. Q. How much pay does a private of Infantry, Cavalry, 



THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

Artillery, Signal Corps \ and Quartermaster Corps 
draw? 
It is the custom of many persons to answer as follows: 
For 1st enlistment — $30.00 per month ' 



2nd 


tt 


— 33.00 " 


a 


3rd 


tt 


— 36.00 " 


tt 


4th 


tt 


— 39.00 " 


tt 


5th 


tt 


— 40.00 " 


tt 


6th 


ft 


— 41.00 " 


tt 


7th 


tt 


— 42.00 " 


ft 



While these amounts are true as to the actual cash paid a 
private, they do not at all represent his pay; for if he 
were working in civil life in most cases he would have 
to pay out of his earnings for his board, room, medicine 
and doctor bills, fuel and light, and clothing; all of 
which the Government furnishes the enlisted man free 
of charge. This would amount to at least $25.00 per 
month and this added to his cash pay in the army 
would make his actual pay if in civil life amount to at 
least $40.00 per month, not counting the extra pay a 
soldier may draw for good markmanship, and for re- 
enlistment as shown above. 

491. Q. Is the pay cash you draw clear of all expenses? 

A. Yes, except for laundry (which I may do myself) and 
such little articles as tobacco, soap, etc., which I may 
need. 

492. Q. Will a man in civil life drawing $40.00 per month be able 

to live as well as a private in the army? 
A. He will not, as the civilian must pay retail prices for what 
he gets (about Vo more). The Government pays for 
the soldier's clothing and food at wholesale prices and 
the soldier can buy from the Commissary at cost such 
necessary articles as tobacco, soap, towels, etc. Also, 
if the soldier puts in 20 years in the army he may go to 
the Soldiers' Home in Washington, D. C, for the rest 
of his life. For 30 years' service in the army, navy, or 
marine corps or in all he may retire, drawing f of his 
pay and $15.75 in place of clothing, rations, quarters, 



ARMY REGULATIONS AND DISCIPLINE 81 

fuel and light. In many cases the civilian must look 
ahead and save up for his old age. 

Punishment 

493. Q. What may be done to you for breaking Regulations? 
A. The company commander may give me company punish- 
ment or he may prefer charges against me which go up 
to the commanding officer. 

494. Q. Is there any record kept of the punishments you receive? 
A. Yes, an accurate record is kept and from it to a great 

extent my character is given on discharge. 

495. Q. What is done when charges are preferred against you? 
A. I am tried by a court-martial. 

496. Q. What kinds of courts-martial are there in our army? 

A. A Summary Court, made up of but one officer to try the 
smaller offenses. 
A Special Court, made up of from three to five officers. 
A General Court made up of from five to thirteen officers. 

497. Q. Which Court can give the most serious punishments, in- 

cluding dishonorable discharge? 
A. The General Court. 

498. Q. Are previous convictions by a court-martial liable to 

count against you in a trial? 
A. They are, if committed within a year and in this enlist- 
ment; if I have five such previous convictions I shall 
probably be tried by a General Court and be dis- 
honorably discharged from the service of the United 
States. 

499. Q. If tried by a General or Special Court who helps me in 

my defence? 
A. An officer detailed by the commanding officer. 

500. Q. How is this done? 

A. I should ask for the officer by name if I want some par- 
ticular officer; if for some reason the commanding 
officer decides that officer is not available, another will 
be detailed for me. 



82 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

501. Q. To what are you entitled before trial? 
A. To a copy of the charges. 

502. Q. To what are you entitled after trial? 
A. To a copy of the record of the trial. 

503. Q. When placed "in arrest" by the First Sergeant are you 

bound to obey it? 
A. I am, as he is acting under the authority of my com- 
pany commander. 

504. Q. What does "in arrest" mean? 

A. It means that I must remain in my company quarters or 
camp until released by proper authority. 

505. Q. Have the non-commissioned officers of your company 

authority to give you lawful orders? 
A. They have, and I am liable to severe punishment if I do 
not obey promptly. 

506. Q. Are you the one to decide whether or not the order is a 

lawful one? 
A. Unless it is yery plain that the order is not a proper one 
I should execute it and make my complaint afterwards. 

507. Q. Why should you execute the order first in most cases 

even if you think it wrong? 
A. Because the non-commissioned officer is probably a 
better judge of that than I am and if I take a chance 
and do not obey a proper order I get the full punish- 
ment anyway. 

508. Q. Where can you find all of the above points more fully 

covered? 
A. In the "Army Regulations" which I can see in the com- 
pany orderly room. 

The Articles of Wap. 

509. Q. What are' "The Articles of War"? 

A. A set of rules laid down by lav/ for the government of our 
army. 

510. Q. Where can you find them? 

A. In the back of the "Manual of Courts-Martial, U. S. 
Army, 1917." 



ARMY REGULATIONS AND DISCIPLINE 83 

511. Q. Name some of the things forbidden by the "Articles of 

War"? 
A. (a) Selling or wasting ammunition, 
(b) Selling, losing or spoiling horse, arms, clothing or 
equipment. 

(c) Behaving with disrespect towards commanding 
officer. 

(d) Striking or attempting to strike superior officer 
while performing any duty. (This means non- 
commissioned officers also.) 

(e) Disobeying a lawful order of a superior. 

(f ) Joining in a mutiny. 

(g) Failing to report a mutiny. 

(h) Failing to obey at once the orders of any officer or 

non-commissioned officer who is trying to put down 

a quarrel, fray or disorder, 
(i) Absence without leave, 
(j) Drunkenness. 

(k) Sleeping on post or quitting post. 
(1) Giving false alarms, 
(m) Cowardice and pillage. (See question 41, Rules 

of Land Warfare.) 
(n) Forcing an Officer to surrender his troops to the 

enemy, 
(o) Desertion, 
(p) Fraudulent enlistment, 
(q) Punishment by flogging, branding, or tattooing. 

512. Q. Under what articles of war do most other offenses come? 
A. Under the 96th, which punishes offenses affecting good 

order and military discipline, and not elsewhere spoken 
of. 

513. Q. What are generally considered as the two greatest mili- 

tary crimes? 

A. Treason and cowardice. (See question 39, Rules of 
Land Warfare.) 

514. Q. Besides forbidding you to do certain things, what else do 

the articles of war cover? 



84 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. They lay down certain rules which protect my rights as 
a soldier. 

Miscellaneous 

515. Q. After enlisting what duty do you owe your parents? 
A. I should write home at least every two weeks; they are 

more interested than any one else as to my welfare, and 
it causes them needless worry when I fail to write. 

516. Q. What is the proper thing to do when you think you are 

not properly treated in the company? 
A. Speak to the First Sergeant about it and if not then satis- 
fied get permission to speak to the company com- 
mander. 

517. Q. When going away from the company for more than two 

or three days what should you do? 
A. I should leave my address in the orderly room. 

518. Q. What amount of money should you always have ahead, 

and why? 
A. Enough to pay carfare to home of my family in case I am 
sent for on account of serious sickness or death; other- 
wise I shall have to borrow or may be unable to get the 
money at all. 



CHAPTER VI 
DISCIPLINE AND SALUTING 

519. Q. What do our Army Regulations say about obeying 

orders? 
A. "All persons in the military service are required to obey 
strictly and to execute promptly the lawful orders of 
their superiors." 

520. Q. Who are your superiors? 

A. Such Officers and Non-commissioned Officers as are 
placed over me by proper authority. 

521. Q. What is meant by the word "discipline"? 

A. When the members of a company obey fully, promptly 
and cheerfully the lawful orders given them the com- 
pany is said to have good "discipline." 

522. Q. Why is good discipline required in a company? 

A. Without it there would be no head to the company; each 
man could do as he wished, and in battle this would 
make the company worthless. A company requires a 
captain just as a football team does, to obtain good 
teamwork. 

Saluting Officers 

523. Q. Why are you required to salute Officers? 

A. It is a mark of courtesy and courtesy is necessary among 
military men. It is also the outward sign of good 
discipline. 

524. Q. What is saluting distance? 
A. Within 30 paces. 

525. Q. Are officers always saluted when you are outdoors? 
A. Yes, whether they are in uniform or not. 

526. Q. If armed with the rifle how is an officer saluted when 

outdoors? 

85 



86 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. I give the rifle salute with the piece at right shoulder. 

527. Q. When you salute how long should you hold the hand 

in the saluting position? 
A. Until my salute has been acknowledged or until the 
officer has passed or I have passed him. 

528. Q. Does a soldier actually at work cease work to salute 

an officer? 
A. He need not unless spoken to by the officer. 
528J.Q. What should you do when an officer enters the mess 
room during meals? 
A. I should stop eating and remain seated at "attention." 

529. Q. If indoors and under arms how do you salute? 

A. I give the rifle salute from the "Order" or "trail." 

530. Q. Do you salute when indoors? 
A. I do. 

531. Q. What should you do upon the approach of an officer 

if you are indoors and not under arms? 
A. If I am alone I should uncover, stand attention facing 
the officer and salute as he passes. If there are several 
enlisted men in the room the one first seeing the officer 
should call "attention" so that all may hear; all should 
then rise, uncover and remain standing at attention 
until the officer leaves the room or directs otherwise. 

532. Q. When you enter the orderly room to speak to or re- 

port to the company commander do you salute? 
A. I do. (See question number 530.) 

533. Q. What should you say when reporting to the company 

commander? 
A. " Sir, Private Jones reports to the company commander," 
or "Sir, Private Jones has permission to speak with 
the company commander." 

534. Q. What should you do if seated and an officer passes by? 
A. I should rise, face towards him at attention and salute 

at the proper time. (See question number 531.) 

535. Q. What should be done when an officer approaches a 

group of soldiers? 



DISCIPLINE AND SALUTING 87 

A. The first one to notice the approach of the officer 
should call "attention" and all should then give the 
proper salute. 

536. Q. What is the rule as to saluting when indoors at pub- 

lic places such as stores, depots, post exchanges, and 
other places where you ordinarily keep your cap on? 
A. I should give the prescribed salute whether covered or 
uncovered. 

The Star Spangled Banner 

537. Q. What should you do when out of ranks and the Na- 

tional Anthem is played at a formation such as at 
parade or retreat? 
A. If outdoors I should stand attention facing the flag if 
there is one and hold my hand in the position of salute 
from the beginning to the end of the Anthem. 

538. Q. When the National Anthem (The Star Spangled Banner) 

is played, other than at retreat, what should you do? 
A. I should stand attention facing the music and salute as 
described in question 537. 

Note : When to the color or to the standard is sounded the same 
salutes are given as to the National Anthem. 

Miscellaneous 

539. Q. When the colors are passing what should you do? 

A. Give the prescribed salute with the right hand, unless 
under arms. 

540. Q. Under arms how would you salute? 

A. Give the rifle salute, unless posted as a sentinel when 
I would "present arms." 

541. Q. When the coffin passes you at a funeral what should 

you do? 
A. I should uncover out of respect to the dead. 

542. Q. What should a mounted man do before addressing an 

officer? 



88 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. He should dismount, except when actually on field 
service such as manceuvers or in war; at such times 
it might be wasting valuable time to show this mark 
of respect. 

543. Q. When passing an officer who is walking with a lady 

how should you salute? 
A. Same as in other cases — with hand or rifle. 

544. Q. If you are walking with a lady and pass an officer how 

should you salute? 

A. Same as in other cases. 
544J.Q. When is it proper to uncover instead of saluting? 

A. When the National Anthem is being played, and I am 
in civilian clothes with hat on; also when passing the 
uncased National Color under same conditions. To 
uncover as a salute I hold my hat or cap opposite the 
left shoulder with the right hand. If raining I may 
simply raise hat or cap slightly from my head. 



CHAPTER VII 
BAYONET COMBAT 

545. Q. Why should you know how to handle the rifle and 

bayonet? 
A. Because in war hand to hand combat is often necessary 
for success. 

546. Q. What does bayonet instruction do for you? 

A. (a) Makes me quick and proficient in handling the rifle. 

(b) Gives me an accurate eye and a steady hand. 

(c) Gives me confidence in myself in hand to hand 
fighting. 

(d) If bayonet is broken or lost my rifle is still a good 
weapon in hand to hand fighting. 

547. Q. What are names of parts of the bayonet? 
A. See "Rifle and Bayonet." 

548. Q. What is length of rifle with bayonet fixed? 
A. Almost five feet. 

549. Q. What does the bayonet weigh? 
A. One pound. 

550. Q. What does the rifle with bayonet weigh? 
A. A little over nine and one half pounds. 

551. Q. What are very important things to learn when firsC 

taking up bayonet instruction? 
A. Good foot work and a limber body, like boxing thfc 
gives me a great advantage over a slow and stifl 
enemy. 

552. Q. How should foot movements be made when possible? 
A. On the balls of the feet — this makes me quicker. 

553. Q. Describe the position of "Guard" without arms. 

A. (a) The command is 1. Bayonet exercise 2. Guard, 
rt^ At command "Guard" half face to the right. 

89 



90 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

(c) Carry back and place the right foot about once and 
a half its length to the rear and about 3 inches to 
the right, the feet forming with each other an angle 
of about 60°, weight of the body balanced equally 
on the balls of the feet, knees slightly bent, palms of 
hands on hips, fingers to the front, thumbs to the 
rear, head erect, head and eyes straight to the front. 

554. Q. Where can you find the prescribed foot movements 

fully explained? 
A. On pages 221 and 222, " Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 
(with corrections to November, 1913). " 

555. Q. Describe the position of "Guard" with arms. 

A. (a) The command is 1. Bayonet Exercise 2. Guard. 

(b) At command " Guard " take the position of " Guard " 
as without arms (except as to the hands). 

(c) At the same time throw rifle smartly to the front, 
grasp the rifle with the left hand just below the lower 
band, fingers between the stock and gunsling, barrel 
turned slightly to the left, the right hand grasping 
the small of the stock about six inches in front of 
the right hip, elbows free from the body, point of 
bayonet at height of chin. 

556. Q. Name the movements used in attacking. 

A. (a) Thrust (b) Lunge (c) Butt Strike (d) Cut Down (e) 
Cut right (or left). 

557. Q. Where can you find these movements fully explained? 
A. Under "Attacks" on pages 225 and 227, "Infantry Drill 

Regulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 
1913)." 

558. Q. Name the movements used to defend yourself. 

A. (a) Parry Right (b) Parry Left (c) Parry High (d) Low 
Parry Right (or left). 

559. Q. Where can you find these movements fully explained? 
A. On page 230, "Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 (with 

corrections to November, 1913)." 

560. Q. How is the rifle used for hand to hand combat without 

a bayonet? 



BAYONET COMBAT 91 

A. As a club and should be swung hard enough to break 
through any guard or parry. 

561. Q. Where is the position of "Club Rifle" fully described? 
A. On page 232, "Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911 (with 

corrections to November, 1913). " 

562. Q. In a bayonet fight should you simply try to defend your- 

self? 
A. No. I should press the fight and keep my enemy busy 
defending himself. 

563. Q. Name some pointers in bayonet combat. 

A. (a) Look at the ground when you start to fight so that 
you can move on that part which will give you the 
best footing. 

(b) Watch the enemy's eyes, not his weapon nor where 
you wish to strike; if at night then watch his weapon 
and movements of his body. 

(c) Always watch for a chance to strike enemy's left 
hand which grasps the forward part of his rifle. 

564. Q. When is the butt of rifle very useful? 

A. For close and sudden attacks; very useful in riot duty. 

565. Q. Against a man on foot armed with a sword or saber 

how should you use the rifle and bayonet? 
A. Be careful he does not grab the muzzle of my rifle. 
Attack him with short, stabbing thrusts and keep him 
beyond striking distance of his weapon. 

566. Q. Fighting against larger numbers how can a small group 

of men best protect themselves? 
A. By grouping themselves so that they cannot be attacked 
from behind. 

567. Q. What should be done in fighting a mounted man armed 

with a saber? 

A. Try to get on his near (or left) side. It is harder for 
him to make good use of his pistol or saber then. 

568. Q. In receiving night attacks what position should you take? 

A. Kneel or lie down as the enemy will then be easier to 
see against the skyline. 



92 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

569. Q. What should you do when he arrives within attacking 

distance? 
A. I should rise quickly and lunge well forward at the middle 
of his body. 

570. Q. Describe the fencing salute. 

A. All fencing exercises, either by command or "at will," 
where two men engage in bayonet combat for in- 
struction, begin and end with the fencing salute. 
Being at the order facing each other, at the command 
"Salute" each man, with his eyes on his adversary, 
carries the left hand smartly to the right side, palm 
of the hand down, thumb and fingers extended and 
joined, forearm horizontal, forefinger touching the 
bayonet. At count "two" drop the arm smartly 
by the side. 

571. Q. Describe the position of the fencing exercise "Guard." 
A. (a) The command is 1. Fencing Exercise 2. Guard. 

(b) Take position of "Guard" with arms as described 
in question No. 555. 

(c) Bayonets should be crossed, each man's bayonet 
bearing lightly to the right against same part of his 
adversary's bayonet. 

572. Q. What is this position called? 
A. The Engage or Engage Right. 

573. Q. Where can you find the Fencing Exercises fully ex- 

plained? 

A. On pages 236, 237, 238, 239 and 240, "Infantry Drill 
Regulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 
1913)." 

574. Q. Of what do they consist? 

A. The engages, assaults, simple attacks, attacks on the 
rifle, feints and combined movements. 

575. Q. What is a "Chancery"? 

A. An attack which disarms my adversary, or causes him 
to lose control of his rifle, or which disables his piece. 

576. Q. What is "Fencing at Will"? 



BAYONET COMBAT 93 

A. When two men are to fence without formal commands 
it is called "fencing at will." 

577. Q. In this case what commands are given? 
A. To start. 1. At will 2. Assault. 

To interrupt. Halt. 

To end the match. 1. Halt 2. Salute. 

578. Q. Your ability to fence at will or in actual combat depends 

upon what? 
A. (a) On my coolness. 

(b) Quickness. 

(c) Correctness of movements. 

(d) Being able to quickly see what my adversary in- 
tends to do. 

579. Q. Where can you find "Fencing at Will" fully explained? 
A. On pages 241, 242, 244 and 245, "Infantry Drill Reg- 
ulations, 1911 (with corrections to November, 1913)." 



CHAPTER VIH 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 

580. Q. Why should a soldier know something about the history 

of the United States? 
A. Every man should have at least a general idea of how his 
country started, its principal wars, generals, etc. He 
should know what people are talking about when they 
speak of such things. 

581. Q. Who first discovered America? 

A. Christopher Columbus, an Italian. 

582. Q. When was this discovery made. 

A. On October 12, 1492, Columbus landed from his ship the 
"Santa Maria" on the island of San Salvador, one of 
the Bahama Islands which are to the southeast of the 
United States. 

583. Q. Who lived here before the United States was discovered? 
A. Different tribes of Indians. 

584. Q. How did the new world get its name? 

A. It was named America after an Italian named Americus 
Vespucius who made several voyages of discovery to 
this land in the years 1497 to 1499. 

585. Q. Where was the first permanent English colony in America? 
A. At Jamestown, Virginia — in 1607. 

586. Q. Where was the first English colony in New England? 
A. At Plymouth, Mass., in 1620— these people landed from 

the ship "Mayflower" on the Plymouth Rock. 

587. Q. What is meant by the "Thirteen Colonies." 

A. As the eastern shores of the United States were settled 
by the English (New York by the Dutch) the land was 
claimed for England and each part was given a name as 
follows: 

94 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 95 

Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, 
Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, 
North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, Pennsyl- 
vania and Georgia. These were known as the thirteen 
original colonies. 

588. Q. When were they settled? 

A. In the order named above (except New York, in 1614) 
during the years 1607 to 1733. 

589. Q. How long did the colonies belong to England? 

A. Until the signing of the Declaration of Independence on 
the fourth of July, 1776. 

590. Q. Why is the Fourth of July celebrated? 

A. Because on that date in the year 1776, the colonies de- 
clared themselves free and independent of England 
and they have remained so ever since. 

591. Q. How did the colonies manage to become independent? 
A. They helped each other and fought the War of the Revo- 
lution which they finally won from England. France 
also helped the colonies, sending troops, ships, and 
generals. 

592. Q. How long did this war last? 

A. From the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, to the sur- 
render of the English at Yorktown on October 19, 1781 
— a little over six years. 

593. Q. Who was the leading American General? 
A. George Washington. 

594. Q. Name some of the well known battles of the Revolution. 
A. Lexington, Bunker Hill, Long Island, Trenton, Saratoga, 

Monmouth, Yorktown. 

595. Q. What caused the War of the Revolution? 

"A. England did not treat the colonies fairly — she forced 
slaves on them, taxed them unjustly, interfered with 
their trade, and tried to take their land from them. 

596. Q. What were the results of the War of the Revolution? 
A. As England was defeated a treaty of peace was signed in 

1783. It admitted that the colonies were now in- 



96 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

dependent, and that their land extended from Canada 
to Florida and from the Atlantic Ocean west to the 
Mississippi River, 
The colonies bound themselves together into one nation 
known as the United States of America. 
597. Q. Who was the first president of the United States? 

A. George Washington, who served as president for eight 
years and then declined to serve any longer. 
698. Q. When did the United States get possession of most of the 
land west of the Mississippi River? 
A. In 1803 — by purchase from France; known as the 
Louisiana Purchase. 

599. Q. What was the next war in the United States? 

A. The War of 1812, between the English and Americans. 

600. Q. How long did this war last? 

A. From June 18, 1812 to December 24, 1814 — two and one 
half years. 

601. Q. What caused the War of 1812? 

A. Interference with our commerce on the high seas. The 
English claim of the right to search our vessels for 
English subjects. 

602. Q. Name some of the well known happenings during this war. 
A. Hull's Surrender, Perry's naval victory on Lake Erie, 

Sackett's Harbor, Chippewa, Lundy'sj Lane, Platts- 
burg, Bladensburg, Capture of City of Washington, 
New Orleans. 

603. Q. Name some of the more noted American generals in this 

war. 

A. Jacob Brown, Winfield Scott (later in Mexican War), 
Andrew Jackson (later President of the United States) 
— in the navy, Perry and Macdonough. 

604. Q. What were the results of this war? 

A. Nothing — although England stopped searching our ves- 
sels she would probably have done so anyway as her 
troubles in Europe were over and she no longer cared 
to do t^K 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 97 

605. Q . What branch of our fighting forces was the most successful 

m this war? 
A. The navy, by far. 

606. Q. What do you understand by the "Monroe Doctrine"? 
A. In 1823 President Monroe sent a message to Congress in 

which he started a new rule for the American people, 
as follows: That North and South America are not 
hereafter to be colonized (settled) by any European 
nations; that any attempt to do so will be considered 
an unfriendly act. 
This rule has been carried out ever since. 

607. Q. What was the next war? 
A. The War with Mexico. 

608. Q. How long did it last? 

A. From May 13, 1846 to February 2, 1848— nearly two 
years. 

609. Q. What was the cause of this war? 

A. Disputes over the boundary line between Mexico and the 
State of Texas. 

610. Q. Name some of the battles in this war. 

A. (a) In the north of Mexico, under General Taylor, were 
fought the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, 
Monterey and Buena Vista, 
(b) In the central eastern part of Mexico, under General 
Scott, were fought the battles of Cerro Gordo, Con- 
treras, Churubusco, San Antonio, Chapultepec and 
the City of Mexico. 

611. Q. Were these battles successes for our troops? 
A. Yes — all of them. 

612. Q. What were the results of this war? 

A. The United States obtained a large tract of land, in- 
cluding California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, 
Arizona and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. 

613. Q. Name three great statesmen of this time. 
A. Clay, Webster and Calhoun. 

614. Q. What was the next war? 



98 ,THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A.~ The Civil War or the War of the Rebellion. 

615. Q. How long did it last? 

A. From the bombardment of Fort Sumter, by the Con- 
federates, April 12, 1861, to the surrender of General 
R. E. Lee to General Grant, at Appomattox Court 
House, April 9, 1885 — four years. 

616. Q. What were the causes of this war? 

A. Probably the great difference of opinion of the Northern 
and Southern people of the United States: 

The North did not believe in slavery. 

The South did believe in slavery. 

The North believed that the Nation as a whole should 
rule. 

The South believed that the various States were more 
powerful in themselves. 

617. Q. Name some of the well known battles of this war. 

A. First Bull Run, Chancellorsville, Second Bull Run, 
Fredericksburg, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, 
Chickamauga, Chattanooga, the Wilderness, Spottsyl- 
vania, Atlanta and many others. 
In the Navy— the "Monitor" and the "Merrimac," 
Mobile Bay. 

618. Q. Which was the first large battle in this war? 
A. The First Bull Run — a Confederate victory. 

619. Q. Which is considered one of the most important battles? 
A. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as here the Confederates 

under General Robert E. Lee were defeated by the 
Union troops "under General George G. Meade, and 
were driven back into their own territory from which 
they were never again strong enough to try an invasion 
of the North; had the Confederates won this battle 
many of the large cities of the North would have fallen 
into their hands. Up to this time, July, 1863, the 
South (Confederate) had usually been successful; after 
this they commenced to lose and the North (Union) 
won many battles. 

620. Q. Name some of the generals on both sides in the Civil War. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 99 

A. (a) Union: 

McClellan, Hooker, Meade, Burnside, Grant, Sherman, 

Sheridan, Buell, Thomas, Rosecrans and many others. 
(b) Confederate: 
Robert E. Lee, "Stonewall" (T. J.) Jackson, Johnson, 

Hill, Early, Beauregard, Longstreet, Ewell, Stuart and 

others. 

621. Q. Which was the most noted general on each side? 
A. Union — U. S. Grant. 

Confederate — R. E. Lee. 

622. Q. Who was President of the United States during this War? 
A. Abraham Lincoln — he was assassinated a few days after 

the close of the war. 

623. Q. Who was President of the Confederate States during this 

war? 
A. Jefferson Davis. 

624. Q. What were some of the results of the Civil War? 

A. (a) That the United States as a Nation has more power 
than any one State, 
(b) No more slaves in the United States. 

625. Q. When did the United States secure Alaska? 
A. In 1867, by purchase from Russia. 

626. Q. What was the next war? 
A. The war with Spain. 

627. Q. How long did it last? 

A. From April 25, 1898 to August 12, 1898— about fom 
months. 

628. Q. What caused this war? 

A. (a) Improper treatment of Cubans by the Spanish. 

(b) Continued uprisings in Cuba. 

(c) The blowing up of the United States Battleship 
"Maine" in Havana harbor (in Cuba), on February 
15, 1898. 

c>29. Q. Name some of the battles and occurrences during the 
Spanish-American War. 
A. Manila Bay (Admiral Dewey, Commanding the Navy), 



100 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

El Caney, San Juan Hill, Destruction of Admiral 
Cervera's Fleet, Hobson's exploit, trip of the 
"Oregon," Capture of Manila. 

630. Q. Name some of the well known characters of history in 

this war. 

A. Roosevelt, Miles, Schley, Sampson, Shafter, Hobson, 
Dewey, Garcia, Merritt, Aguinaldo, Funston. 

631. Q. What were the results of this war?" 

A. (a) Spain gave Cuba its independence. 

(b) The United States took over the Philippine Islands, 
Guam and Porto Rico, paying for them the sum of 
$20,000,000. 

632. Q. How and when did the different parts of the United 

States come into its possession? 

A. (a) The original 13 States — during the War of the Revo^ 
lution, 1776. 

(b) Louisiana Purchase — from France in 1803. (country 
west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky 
Mountains). 

(c) Florida — from Spain, in 1819. 

(d) Texas — annexed in 1845 (will of the Texas people), 

(e) The Oregon territory — claim established in 1846. 
(Washington, Oregon and Idaho.) 

(f) California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts of New 
Mexico, Wyoming and Colorado — from Mexico in 
1848 (close of the war). 

(g) Gadsden Purchase (southern strip of Arizona)— from 
Mexico in 1853. 

(h) Alaska Purchase— from Russia in 1867. 

(i) Philippine Islands and Guam — from Spain in 1898 

(close of the war). 
(k) Porto Rico — from Spain in 1898 (close of the war). 
(1) Hawaiian Islands — annexed in 1898 (request of 

Hawaiian Government), 
(m) American Samoa— by International Treaty, in 

1899. 
(n) Canal Zone — from Panama in 1904. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 101 

(o) Danish West Indies purchased from Denmark, 1917. 

633. Q. How can you learn more fully about the history of this 
country? 
A. By attending Post School for enlisted men or by getting 
hold of a United States History and reading it my- 
self. 



CHAPTER IX 

FIRING REGULATIONS 

634. Q. What is an anemometer? 

A. An instrument which measures the force of the wind 
in miles per hour. 

635. Q. What is the battle sight? 

A. The position of the rear sight when leaf is laid down, 

636. Q. Up to what ranges is it used? 
A. Up to 547 yards. 

637. Q. What is the bore of your rifle, pistol or revolver? 

A. The cylindrical cavity in the small arms barrel; or 
the inside of the barrel between the muzzle and^the 
chamber. 

638. Q. What do you mean by caliber? 

A. The distance across the bore, measured between the 
lands. (Lands are the raised parts of the rifling.) 

639. Q. What is the caliber of your rifle measured in inches? 
A. Thirty hundredths — a little less than one-third of an 

inch. 

640. Q. What is the caliber of your pistol? 

A. Forty-five hundredths — or a little less than one-half 
of an inch. 

641. Q. What is the caliber of your revolver measured in inches? 
A. Thirty-eight hundredths— or a little less than four- 
tenths of an inch. 

642. Q. When is your piece canted? 

A. My piece is canted when I devolve the barrel to the 
right or left in aiming. The rear sight base is not 
then horizontal nor the front sight vertical. 

643. Q. What is a coach? 

A. A special instructor, officer, non-commissioned officer 

102 



FIRING REGULATIONS 103 

or private charged with the duty of giving advice to 
the firer. 

644. Q. What is estimating distance? 

A. Judging how far it is from one place to another; each 
soldier is required to practice this and to be tested 
in it before shooting on the range. 

645. Q. What is a mirage? 

A. Heat waves seen on the target range on warm days. 

646. Q. What is a ricochet shot? 

A. Bullets which strike ground or other objects before 
hitting target. These have the same value as any 
other hit. 

647. Q. What is a miss? 

A. A shot at the target which does not strike anywhere 
within or on the black border line of the paper target. 

648. Q. What are sighting shots? 

A. Trial shots fired before starting the score. In record 
firing two sighting shots are fired at 600 yards, slow fire. 

649. Q. What is a trajectory? 

A. The path of the bullet through the air. 

650. Q. What is slow fire? 

A. Firing with small arms without any time limit laid 
down. 

651. Q. What is "fire at will"? 

A. The kind of fire in which each soldier fires independ- 
ently of the others? 

652. Q. What is rapid fire? 

A. Firing with the rifle at the prone figure mounted on 
a disappearing target. A time limit is given you. 
653.*Q. What is long range? 

A. 800 to 1,200 yards. 
654 .~Q ."What is mid-range? 

A. 500 to 800 yards. 
655. Q. What is short range? 

A. Up to 500 yards. 



104 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

656. Q. What is gallery practice? 

A. Firing at reduced ranges with the 22 caliber rifle. 

657. Q. What is instruction practice? 

A. The practice I have on the range before I shoot for 
record. 

658. Q. What is record practice? 

A. The practice that I have on the range which is care- 
fully recorded and shows any progress which I may 
have made and the class to which I belong, 2d, 1st, 
Marksman, etc., and for which extra pay is allowed 
as follows: 

Marksman $2.00 per month 

Sharpshooter 3.00 per month 

Expert Rifleman 5.00 per month 

659. Q. What is an unqualified man? 

A. A soldier who makes less than 152 points out of 300 
in his record practice, also one who did not fire the 
course. 

660. Q. What is a 2d class man? 

A. A soldier who makes a total of at least 152 and less 
than 177 points in firing for record with the rifle. 
He must also make 85 per cent, in the estimating 
distance test. 

661. Q. What is a 1st class man? 

A. A soldier who makes a total of at least 177 and less 
than 202 points in firing for record with the rifle. 
He must also make 85 per cent, in the estimating 
distance test. 

662. Q. What is a Marksman? 

A. One who makes a total of at least 202 and less than 
238 points in firing for record with the rifle. He 
must also make 85 per cent, in the estimating dis- 
tance test. 

663. Q. What is a Sharpshooter? 

A. One who makes a total of at least 238 and less than 
253 points in firing for record with the rifle. He 



FIRING REGULATIONS 105 

must also make 90 per cent, in the estimating dis- 
tance test. 

664. Q. What is an Expert Rifleman? 

A. One who makes a total of at least 253 points out of a 
possible 300 in firing for record with the rifle. He 
must also make 90 per cent, in the estimating dis- 
tance test. 

665. Q. What is a centre? 

A. When a shot hits within the four ring of the slow fire 
target it is sometimes called a centre. 

666. Q. What is an inner? 

A. When a shot hits within the three ring of the slow 
fire target it is sometimes called an inner. 

667. Q. What is an outer? 

A. When a shot hits within the two ring of the slow fire 
target it is sometimes called an outer. 

668. Q. What is a marking disk? 

A. A stick with a disk at each end used by a soldier de- 
tailed to mark targets in the pit. Each disk is painted 
a different color on either side to indicate values 
of different hits. 

669. Q. For what is the white disk used? 
A. For signaling a bull's-eye or five. 

670. Q. For what is the red disk used? 
A. For signaling a centre or four. 

671. Q. For what is the black and white disk used? 
A. For signaling an inner or three. 

672. Q. For what is the black disk used? 
A. For signaling an outer or two. 

673. Q. What signals are made with the red flag? 

A. (a) A miss, when waved across the front of the target. 

(b) A ricochet, when used with the marking disk. 

(c) Danger, when placed above the parapet and al- 
lowed to remain there. 

674. Q, What is windage? 



106 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. The amount of change made on the wind-gauge of 
the rear sight for the purpose of overcoming the 
action of the wind on the bullet after it leaves the 
bore. Spoken of as "two points right wind," "a 
point and a half left," etc. 

675. Q. What is meant by a 9 o'clock wind? 

A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly across 
the range from the left is called a 9 o'clock wind. 

676. Q. What is meant by a 3 o'clock wind? 

A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly across 
the range from the right is called a 3 o'clock wind. 

677. Q. What is meant by a 6 o'clock wind? 

A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly down 
the range toward the target is called a 6 o'clock 
wind. 

678. Q. What is meant by a 12 o'clock wind? 

A. When I face the target a wind blowing directly in my 
face from the target is called a 12 o'clock wind. 

679. Q. What is the general rule for designating the wind by 

the "o'clock" method? 

A. I imagine myself to be standing at the centre of a large 
clock dial with the 12 o'clock figure (XII) pointing 
directly toward the target. The 6 o'clock (VI) will 
then be at my back, the (IX) at my left and the (III) 
at my right. 

680. Q. From where will a 2 o'clock wind come? 

A. From the direction of the (II) on the clock dial, i. e., 
from the right-front. 

681. Q. From where will an 11 o'clock wind come? 

A. From the direction of the (XI) on the clock dial, i. e., 
from the left-front and almost directly in my face. 

682. Q. From where will a 4 o'clock wind come? 

A. From the direction of the (IV) on the clock dial, i. e. r 
from the right-rear. 

683. Q. From where will a 7 o'clock wind come? 



FIRING REGULATIONS 



107 



A. PYoni the direction of the (VII) on the clock dial, i. e., 
from the left-rear. 

684. Q. How does one read the wind-gauge on his rifle? 

A. (a) If for right windage, read spaces between the two 
small zeros at the right ends of the graduated arcs 
of the fixed base and movable base of the rear sight. 
CAUTION: read the spaces between the short lines, 
not the lines themselves. 
(b) If for left windage, read spaces between the two 
small zeros at the left ends of the graduated arcs 
of the fixed base and movable base of the rear sight. 
CAUTION: read the spaces between the lines not the 
lines themselves. 

685. Q. How much windage do the following diagrams rep- 

resent? 




^. Graduated arc of mov- 
x"" - ~ able base of rear sight. 

^*... Graduated arc of fixed 
base of rear sight. 



Movable base protrudes 
here for left windage. 




Fig. 2 




Movable base protrudes 
here for right windage. 



A. Figure 1 does not indicate any windage as zero lines 
are together at both right and left ends of arcs. 



108 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

. A. Figure 2 shows two points left windage as there are 
two spaces between the two zeros at the left ends 
of arcs, where movable base protrudes. 
A. Figure 3 shows four points right windage as there are 
four spaces between the two zeros at right ends of 
arcs where movable base protrudes. 

686. Q. Why should you become a good shot? 

A. Because I will be more useful in time of war. 

687. Q. What should you leam first for target practice? 

A. I should know the principal parts of my rifle, how to 
care for same and how to prevent accidents. 

688. Q. What are the principal parts of your rifle? 
A. (See "Rifle and Equipment.") 

689. Q. How should it be cared for? 
A. (See "Rifle and Equipment.") 

690. Q. What should you do in order to prevent accidents? 

A. Never load the rifle unless ordered or until I am at 
the firing point and it is my turn to shoot. 

691. Q. If the piece is loaded and it is not your turn to fire 

what should you be careful to do? 

A. Keep the bolt open. 

692. Q. What are six other things you should be careful not 

to do in order to prevent accidents? 

A. (1) Never aim down the target range when the targets 
are not in sight and in readiness for firing. 

(2) I should never under any circumstances aim at 
any one, no matter in what condition my gun may 
be. Many an "unloaded" gun has killed a man. 

(3) If my rifle is loaded and the targets are not ready 
I should see that the safety lock is turned to the 
right, that is, at the "SAFE." I should be care- 
ful never to turn the muzzle in the direction of the 
other men on the firing line. 

(4) I should never aim at the targets from behind the 
firing line. 

(5) If I wanted to practice snapping, I should get 



FIRING REGULATIONS 



109 



up on the firing line, preferably off on one of the 
^flanks out of the way. 
(6) In unloading, I should always point the muzzle 
in the ground a short distance from my front and 
away from all other persons. 

693. Q. In target practice what different drills are you re- 

quired to take? 
A. (1) Nomenclature and care of the rifle. 

(2) Sighting drills. 

(3) Position and aiming drills. 

(4) Deflection and elevation drills, that is, practice 
in setting my sights. 

(5) Gallery practice. 

(6) Estimating distance. 

(7) Know distance firing on the target range for in- 
struction and then for record. 

694. Q. If any point comes up that you do not understand in 

regard to shooting, what should you do? 
A. Ask an experienced shot of my company or troop; 
I should not trust to luck. 

695. Q. To whom are the sighting drills given? 

A. To all soldiers who have not qualified as Marksmen 
or better during the preceding target year. 

696. Q. Of what use are sighting drills? 

TA. They explain the proper use of the sights and show 
how errors are made and how to correct them. 
697 Q. Draw a picture of the normal sight as it would look 
to you if enlarged when looking through the sight 
at a bull's-eye. 




Fig. 4 



110 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

698. Q. Draw a picture of the correct peep sight as it wiuld 
appear to you if enlarged when looking through the 
sights at a bull's-eye. 




Fig. 5 

699. Q. Why are the normal sight and the peep sight better 

than all others? 
A. Because they both have fixed lines upon which the 
same amount of front sight can be easily and quickly 
taken each time. 

700. Q. In the normal sight, what is the fixed line? 

A. The line formed by the shoulders on either side of 
the notch in the open sight, on the rear sight drift 
slide. The tip of the front sight should appear to 
be even with this line, and immediately below the 
bull's-eye. 

701. Q. In the peep sight what is the fixed line? 

A. The horizontal line crossing the centre of the peep 
hole. The eye will generally centre the tip of the 
front sight in the peep naturally, and for this rea- 
son the line is not often used. 

702. Q. What will happen if you take too much front sight? 
A. It will make the shot strike high. 

703. Q, Taking too little (known as too fine) front sight will 

have what effect? 

A. It will make the shot strike low. 

704. Q. Why must you be careful to sight exactly through the 

centre of the rear sight notch? 



FIRING REGULATIONS 111 

A. Because sighting through the left of the notch will 
throw the bullet to the left and sighting through the 
right will throw the bullet to the right of the point 
at which I am aiming. 

705. Q. Why must you be careful to sight exactly over the 

top of the front sight? 
A. Because sighting over the left of the front sight will 
throw the bullet to the right and sighting over the 
right of the front sight will throw the bullet to the 
left of the point at which I am aiming. 

706. Q. Why must you be careful not to cant the rifle in firing? 
A. Because canting it to the left throws the bullet to the 

left and below the point at which I am aiming; and 
canting it to the right throws the bullet to the right 
and below the point at which I am aiming. 

707. Q. How do you blacken your sights? 

A. Light a candle or piece of camphor and hold my sights 
in the smoke until fully blackened. 

708. Q. Should you always blacken your sights before firing? 
A. Yes, sir. 

709. Q. Why do you blacken your sights? 

A. It prevents the sights from glistening when in a bright 
light, and makes the aim more distinct. 

Position and Aiming Drills 

710. Q. Why are the position and aiming drills valuable to you? 
A. Because they teach me to hold my piece properly, aim 

and pull the trigger properly; they also harden the 
muscles of my arms, all of which is necessary if I am 
to become a good shot. 

711. Q. Who should take these position and aiming drills? 
A. Every soldier who expects to become a good shot. 

712. Q. Why should you learn to do the aiming exercise exactly 

as taught? 
A. Because without doing it properly I cannot become a 
good shot. 

713. Q. Describe the aiming exercise. 



112 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. The commands are, 1. Aiming. 2. EXERCISE. 

(a) With rifle in position of ready, at the command 
"exercise," without moving the body or eyes, raise 
the rifle smartly to the front of the right shoulder to 
the full extent of the left arm, elbow inclined down- 
ward, the barrel nearly horizontal, muzzle slightly 
depressed, heel of the butt on a line with the top of 
the shoulder. 

(b) Bring the piece smartly against the hollow of the 
shoulder, without allowing the shoulder to give way, 
press the rifle against it mostly with the right hand. 

(c) Forefinger of the right hand pressing lightly against 
the trigger, without canting the rifle. 

At the count "TWO": (d) Bend the head to the right, 

the cheek resting against the stock, being careful 

not to get the nose too close to the thumb. 
(e) The left eye closed, the right looking through the 

notch of the rear sight at a point slightly below the 

mark. 
At the count "THREE": (f) Draw a moderately 

long breath, let a portion of it out, then holding the 

breath, 
(g) Slowly raise the rifle with the left hand being 

careful not to cant the piece until sights are aligned 

just below the mark, 
(h) Hold in this position until the power to hold piece 

steadily is almost gone then resume position of ready, 

and resume breathing. 

714. Q. What should you be careful to do when you raise the 

rifle to sight through the notch? 
A. I must be careful to keep my eye on the target and not 
on the front sight. 

715. Q. Why should you do this? 

A. If I fail to do this, when I shoot at the long ranges, 
the mark will appear blurred. 

716. Q. Why should you be careful not to hold the breath too 

long? 
A. Beca'«zs°, J. get sh^sky. and my eyes blur. 



FIRING REGULATIONS 113 

TRIGGER SQUEEZE 

717. Q. How should you squeeze the trigger? 

A. With the second joint of the forefinger, first taking up 
the slack, then squeezing the trigger with the whole 
hand as you would squeeze water from a sponge. 

718. Q. Why should you squeeze the trigger in this manner? 
A. Because it prevents jerking the trigger and firing be- 
fore I am ready. 

RAPID FIRE EXERCISE 

719. Q. What is the object of rapid fire exercise? 

A. To teach me to get aim quickly and correctly in all 
positions. 

USE OF SLING 

720. Q. Why should you learn to adjust the sling in the best 

way? 
A. Because it helps me to get a good aim and keep it. 

721. Q. Is the sling a help to you in all shooting positions? 
A. It is and I should use it in all positions. 

722. Q. In what ways only can you use your sling? 
A. (1) I can use the sling on one arm only. 

(2) Neither end shall have been passed through either 
sling swivels. 

(3) No knots will be tied in the gun sling. 

(4) The sling will not be altered, added to or changed 
in any way. 

DEFLECTION AND ELEVATION 

723. Q. How do you set your sights for battle sight? 
A. Have rear sight leaf down. 

724. Q. Show your normal sight set at 600 yards. 

Show your normal sight set at 750 yards. 
Show your normal sight set at 975 yards. 

725. Q. Show the same for the peep sight. 

726. Q. Where would a soldier look for even numbered ranges 

on his rear sicrht leaf? 



114 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. On the left-hand side of leaf. 

727. Q. Where would he look for odd numbered ranges? 
A. On the right side of leaf. 

728. Q. In actually setting your sights where should you look 

on sight leaf? 
A. On both sides, otherwise I am liable to take too much 
elevation. 

729. Q. If the wind is from the right in which direction would 

you set your wind-gauge to correct for it? 
A. To the right. 

730. Q. If from the left in which direction would you set your 

wind-gauge? 
A. To the left. 

731. Q. What rule governs this? 

A. I always push my wind-gauge in direction I wish bullet 
to go. 

732. Q. How can you know how much windage to take? 

A. I will be told by the instructor until I am a good shot, 
then I will know by experience. 

733. Q. Set your wind-gauge to show one and a half points 

right windage. 

734. Q. Set your wind-gauge to show two and a half points 

right windage. 

735. Q. Show the same for a left wind. 

736. Q. Should you find what your sight setting is for dif- 

ferent ranges, for your particular rifle? 
A. Yes, sir. 

737. Q. Should you keep a record of this and where? 

A. Yes, sir, in my score book or other convenient place. 

738. Q. How can you tell which way the wind is blowing? 
A. By looking at the trees, smoke or grass near me. 

GALLERY PRACTICE 

739. Q. What can you learn at gallerv oractice? 
A. I can learn how to hold and sight properly. 



FIRING REGULATIONS 115 

740. Q. What is one important thing that gallery practice will 

not teach you? 
A. Whether or not I flinch and how to overcome it. 

ESTIMATING DISTANCE 

741. Q. Why should you try to estimate distance correctly? 

A. Because it may be necessary in time of war for me 
to estimate the range of my target. 

742. Q. What is the length of your pace? 

743. Q. How many of your paces make a hundred yards? 

744. Q. What are good ways to estimate distance to an object? 
A. (1) By comparing the distance with one hundred yards. 

(2) To divide the distance in half and compare the 
half with one hundred yards. 

(3) It certainly is not more than a certain distance, 
nor is it less than a certain distance, therefore it is 
between the two. 

(4) Watching for the dust of the shot. 

745. Q. When do objects seem closer to you than they really 

are? 
A. (1) When they are down hill. 

(2) On a bright day. 

(3) Across the water, snow or wheat field. 

(4) When the object contrasts sharply with the back- 
ground, like white against black. 

(5) In high altitudes. 

746. Q. When do objects seem further away from you than 

they really are? 
A. (1) On a dark or foggy day. 

(2) When up hill from me. 

(3) When part of the object is covered. 

(4) When looking over a hollow or depression in the 
ground. 

SHOOTING ON THE RANGE 

747. Q. Are you required to shoot your rifle as it is issued to you? 
A- Y^s. except that my company commander may have 



116 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

the front sight changed or the v/ood near the upper 
band worked down. 

748. Q. May you shoot with the front sight cover either on or off? 
A. Yes. 

749. Q. When not shooting should you be careful to keep the 

front sight cover on? Why? 
A. Yes, because it protects my front sight from injury. 

750. Q. When not shooting should you be careful to keep your 

rifle in a cloth cover? Why? 
A. Yes, because my rifle is then protected from dust, dirt 
and dampness. 

751. Q. Should you be careful to keep the muzzle of your piece 

off the ground? 
A. Yes. 

752. Q. In what uniform should you always appear^at the firing 

point? 
A. In the uniform prescribed by the commanding officer. 

753. Q. How many privates work and mark each target during 

target practice? 
A. Two. 

754. Q. What do these two privates do? 

A. One works targets up and down and the other pastes the 
holes and signals the shot values. 

755. Q. When should I leave the pit? 

A. When the danger flag (red) is up and the firing ceases. 

756. Q. Should I ever stick my head above the parapet? 
A. No, sir. 

757. Q. When should you lower the target? 

A. Only when ordered to do so by the Corporal. 

758. Q. How would you signal a miss on your target? 
A. By waving a red flag across the front of target.X 

759. Q. How would you signal a ricochet shot that hits the tar-, 

get? 
A. By showing the ricochet flag and the proper disk over 
the shot hole. 



FIRING REGULATIONS 117 

760. Q. How would you indicate that shots were going over your 

target during instruction practice? 
A. By shoving the flag up and down. 

761. Q. What do you do if you know a shot has missed your tar- 

get on either side? 
A. Signal a miss and show the signal on the side missed. 

762. Q. How do you show a shot in the parapets? 

A. The miss is signalled and the flag is moved toward the 
parapet so that it shows the shot hit in the parapet. 

763. Q. How do you mark rapid fire? 

A. (a) Each shot hole is marked in order, beginning with 
the highest in value. 

(b) I should swing the disk clear of the target for each 
shot marked. 

(c) I must be careful to mark slowly, so that the 
scorers at the firing point can read the score cor- 
rectly. 

764. Q. How are misses shown in rapid fire? 

A. By waving the red flag once across the target for each 
miss. 

RAPID FIRE PRACTICE 

765. Q. When should you load in rapid fire? 

A. At the command and not before or after. 

766. Q. What sight only do you use for rapid fire? 
A. The battle sight. 

767. Q. How do you load for rapid fire? 

A. Fill my magazine, load the piece from the magazine and 
turn my safety lock to the " safe." 

768. Q. What do you do at the command, "READY," by the 

officer in charge of the firing line? 
A. Turn safety lock to ready and take position of ready, 
standing with sling properly adjusted. 

769. Q. What do you do in case you are not ready when the 

officer in charge of the firing line calls, "Ready on the 
right" or "Ready on the left"? 



118 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. I call "Not Ready," giving the number of my target. 

770. Q. What happens if you do not call "not ready" and you 

fail to fire at the target at the proper time? 
A. Lem given a total miss for the score. 

771. Q. If you hear the command "Ready on the firing line," 

where must you keep your eyes? 
A. On my target. 

772. Q. What do you do when you empty your magazine in rapid 

fire? 
A. I put in another clip and continue the fire. 

773. Q. What care should you take in loading the second clip? 
A. I should load as follows: Take a clip from the belt and 

insert the end in the clip slot, placing the thumb on the 
powder space of the top cartridge and the fingers ex- 
tending around the piece, tips resting on the magazine 
floor plate. Force the cartridges in the magazine by 
pressing down with the thumb; without removing the 
clip, thrust the bolt home, and turn down the handle. 

774. Q. How can you ruin good scores by carelessness in loading 

the second clip? 
A. By forcing the cartridges out of the clip. They fall on 
the ground and require time to pick up and load. 

775. Q. What is each unfired cartridge counted in rapid fire? 
A. A miss. 

776. Q. In case your clip breaks or jams what should you do? 
A. Load cartridges singly as quickly as possible and con- 
tinue to fire. 

777. Q. In case you fire on the wrong target, what happens? 
A. I get credit for such shots only as hit my own target. 

778. Q. What care should you take in working your bolt in rapid 

fire? 
A. (a) To pull the bolt clear back in order that the fired 
shell be thrown out. 
(b) That the bolt handle is clear down when piece is re- 
loaded from magazine. 



FIRING REGULATIONS 119 

779. Q. What is flinching? 

A. Flinching is a sudden movement of the body at the mo- 
ment of firing, throwing your rifle out of aim; another 
form of flinching is closing the eyes at the moment of 
firing. 

780. Q. What causes it? 

A. Your fear of the recoil. 

781. Q. If you are sure that youhave made a good score and they 

give you a miss, what is probably the cause? 
A. I have probably flinched. 

782. Q. How, to a great extent, can you overcome flinching? 
A. By aiming properly, and holding my piece steadily, and 

squeezing the trigger so gradually that I will not know 
the exact instant the shot will be fired. 

783. Q. If you know the exact moment you are going to pull the 

trigger, what will happen? 
A. I will probably jerk the trigger, flinch or both. 

784. Q. On what should you keep your mind when aiming? 
A. On the aiming and not on pulling the trigger. 

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER 

1 . That the greatest cause of poor scores are: 

(a) First and foremost, flinching. 

(b) Not squeezing the trigger properly. 

(c) Not holding the rifle to the shoulder closely 
enough. 

(d) Not holding the rifle accurately on the mark. 

(e) Not taking full value of sling. 

(f) Not getting a comfortable position before firing. 

(g) Not holding the breath properly. 

PISTOL FIRING 

785. Q. What are the three principal parts of your pistol? 
A. The barrel, slide and receiver. 

786. Q. How do you clean your pistol? 

A. Same as for rifle. (See "Rifle and Equipment.") 



120 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

787. Q. In taking the pistol from the holster or rack, what pre« 

cautions should you take? 
A. Remove magazine and draw back slide to see that piece 
is not loaded . Do the same after firing on target range 
and again before putting pistol back in. holster or rack. 

788. Q. What are the "don'ts" in pistol practice? 

A. (a) Do not load or cock pistol until ready to fire or until 
run in mounted course is started. 

(b) Always keep pistol in position of "Raise pistol" ex- 
' cept when pointing at target. 

(c) Never place the pistol on the ground where dirt and 
sand can hurt the mechanism. 

789. Q. How do you load pistol? 
A. FOR LOADING PISTOL: 

(a) Place five cartridges in the magazine and insert mag- 
azine in the handle. 

(b) Draw back the slide and insert the first cartridge in 
the chamber. In drawing back the slide, pull (to- 
ward! the body with thumb and forefinger of the left 
hand until it stops and then release it. 

(c) The pistol is then loaded and the hammer at full 
cock. 

790. Q. Your pistol being loaded and at full cock, how do you 

lower the hammer? 
A. (a) Place thumb of right hand firmly on the hammer and 
insert forefinger of right hand in trigger guard. 

(b) With thumb of left hand exert slight pressure on 
grip safety and at the same time press the trigger. 

(c) Lower the hammer fully down with thumb. 

791. Q. Should you ever put the pistol in the holster with ham- 

mer cocked? 
A. No, sir. 

792. Q. What is the position for firing dismounted? 

A. (a) Stand firmly on both feet. 

(b) Body perfectly balanced and erect and turned at 
such an angle as is most comfortable when the arm 
is extended toward the target. 



FIRING REGULATIONS 121 

(c) The feet far enough apart to insure firmness and 
steadiness of position. (About 8 or 10 inches.) 

(d) Weight of body resting upon both feet. 

(e) Right arm fully extended, or nearly so. 

(f) Left arm hanging naturally. 

793. Q. How should you grip the pistol? 

A. Firmly, and exactly the same for each shot. 

794. Q. How should the trigger be squeezed? 

A. The same as for the rifle, with the whole hand. 

795. Q. Why is the pistol harder to shoot than the rifle? 
A. Because I am allowed no rests or gun sling. 

796. Q. How do you aim in pistol shooting? 

A. In the same manner as with the rifle (using the normal 
sight) except in rapid or quick fire when little aim can 
be taken. 

797. Q. What is rapid fire? 

A. Firing with the pistol at a bulPs eye pistol target, with 
time limit of 20 seconds for five shots (30 seconds in 
expert test). 

798. Q. How do you aim in rapid fire? 

A. I keep my eye fixed on the mark, and, after each shot be- 
gin a pressure on the trigger getting off the next shot as 
nearly perfect as I can in the time allowed. 

799. Q. What is quick fire? 

A. Firing with the pistol at the bobbing target. 

800. Q. How do you aim in quick fire? 

A. I practise pointing and aiming until I can get a good aim 
practically without the use of the sights. 

801. Q. Should the left hand be used in pistol practice? 
A. Yes, after the right has become trained. 

802. Q. How should "quick fire" be executed? 

A, (a) I should load my pistol with five cartridges (one in 



122 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

chamber and four in magazine) leaving pistol cocked 
and at the "safe" (that is, locked so that hammer 
cannot fall). 

(b) I should face about one quarter left from the target 
with weight of body resting equally on both feet and 
pistol held in the position of "raise pistol." 

(c) I should watch closely the bobbing staff and the 
instant it is flipped (the target exposed) I should re- 
move the "safe" by pressing down with the thumb 
and take quick aim at the figure before pulling trigger. 

(d) After the first shot, during time that target is not 
exposed, I should remain in the position of "raise 
pistol" (not at the "safe"). 

(e) I should fire one shot at each reappearance of the 
target until five shots have been fired. 

803. Q. When firing is it necessary to squeeze the handle of 

pistol tightly in order to insure its proper working? 

A. Not at all — the slightest pressure on the grip will 
make the grip-safety take hold and therefore you 
need never bother about this point. 

804. Q. What is a second class pistol shot? 

A. One who makes at least 72 and less than 96 points 
(60 per cent.) in record firing with the pistol. 

805. Q. What is a first class pistol shot? 

A. One who makes at least 96 points out of a 120 (80 per 
cent.) in record firing with the pistol. 

806. Q. What is an expert pistol shot? 

A. One who makes at least 50 points (83 per cent.) out of 
a possible 60 in record firing with the pistol. 

PISTOL RESUME 

There are two kinds of pistol shots, the natural and the made 
shot. The former with comparatively little practise can soon 
do good shooting. The latter must be willing to spend a great 
deal of time at snapping at marks and firing with small caliber 



FIRING REGULATIONS 123 

pistols. The 22 caliber with 6 inch to 10 inch barrel is recom- 
mended. When proficiency with the 22 caliber, slow and rapid, 
has been attained, then only can this soldier hope to manage 
successfully the caliber 45 pistol. As with the rifle, flinching 
will be found to be the greatest evil to be overcome. Great 
patience and perseverance will be required both by the soldier 
and his instructor. 

Designation of Targets and Fire Distribution 

807. Q. In firing in squad, platoon or company why should you 

always aim exactly where told by your commander? 
A. Because it is a part of the team work. I am firing at 
one part of the target while others are firing at the 
other parts of the target and in this way the whole 
target, either in battle exercise or in real war, is kept 
under our fire. 

808. Q. Why not have the whole company fire at the same part 

of the target? 

A. Because that would take the fire away from a large part 
of the target (or enemy) and in war would leave just 
that many of the enemy free to fire coolly and de- 
liberately at us. The enemy's fire would then be 
much more accurate and deadly. 
S09. Q. What is meant by "designation of targets"? 

A. The pointing out of targets. 

When my platoon commander tells me where my target 
is and at what part I am to fire he is "designating 
my target." 

810. Q. What is meant by "fire distribution"? 

A. Aiming and firing in the platoon in such a way that 
every point of the platoon target is under fire. 
When my platoon commander has told us all at what 
target each is to fire and has assigned us so that all 
of the platoon target is covered by our fire then he 
has distributed his fire. If we all fire accurately at 
our proper target as ordered, he has good "fire dis- 
tribution." 

811. Q. Whose duty is it to designate your target? 



124 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. My platoon commander; he may be assisted by platoon 
guides and squad leaders. 

812. Q. How should your target be designated or pointed out 
if it can be clearly seen ? 

A. My platoon commander will use the horizontal clock 
system — that is: we imagine ourselves to be in the 
centre of a very large clock dial which is lying flat 
on the ground with the XII directly in our front 
(perpendicular to our firing line). He will then give 

(a) the direction . . .for example: "at two o'clock" which 

means we look in the 
direction of the II on 
the large clock dial. 

(b) the range. .. .for example: "range iOOO" which 

means that our target 
is about a thousand 
yards from us and we 
are to set our sights at 
one thousand. 

(c) the objective or 

target for example: "a troop of cavalry dis- 
mounted" which means 
our target will be this 
troop of cavalry dis- 
mounted and we will 
open fire on it when 
given the command 
"fire at will." 
A few more examples of pointing out targets which can 
be clearly seen: 

1. (a) at eleven o'clock (b) range 950 (c) a company in 
column of squads. 

2. (a) at one o'clock (b) range 800 (c) a field gun in 
position. 

3. (a) at ten o'clock (b) range 1100 (c) a group of staff 
officers mounted. 

Explain to your instructor just what each of the three 
examples means. 



FIRING REGULATIONS 125 

813. Q. How should your target be designated or pointed out 
if it is small or hard to see ? 

A. My platoon commander will then use the vertical clock 
system — that is (a) we imagine ourselves to be in 
the centre, of a very large clock dial which lies flat 
on the ground with the XII directly in our front as 
before and (b) as soon as the platoon commander 
gives us a reference point (a house, tree or other object 
near our target but easy to see) we imagine another 
clock dial standing upright and facing us with its 
centre at this reference point, (c) Platoon com- 
mander will now give the o'clock or direction to look 
from the centre of this upright clock dial, (d) He 
will then give the range (e) and then the target. 

For example: 

Your platoon commander wants you to open fire on a 
line of skirmishers who are lying down to our left 
front and are very hard to see as the range is 900 yards. 
There is a bushy tree about 100 yards back of this 
line and to their left; it can be easily seen by us. Our 
platoon commander will give the commands like 
this: (letters in front of these commands are simply 
for use in studying). 

(a) "To our left front," (or 

"at eleven o'clock") which means we look in 

the direction of eleven on 
the large clock dial which 
lies flat on the ground. 

(b) Reference point which means we are to 

"A bushy tree" use this as our reference 

point for the centre of 
our upright clock dial. 

(c) "At eight o'clock" which means we are to 

follow from this bushy 
tree or the reference point 
in the eight o'clock di- 
rection in order to find 
our target. 



126 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

(d) "Range 900" which means the line of 

enemy skirmishers will be 
found 900 yards from our 
position, and at eight 
o'clock from the bushy 
tree reference point. We 
are to set our sights at 
900. 

(e) "A line of skirmishers" . which means our target 

or objective will be this 
line of skirmishers and 
we are to open fire on it 
when given the com- 
mand "fire at will." 
(Note: the platoon commander will now probably 
distribute his fire by telling us where each is to fire on 
the platoon target; as a usual thing he will give to 
each a part of the line of skirmishers which comes 
most nearly to being in my direct front. 
A few more examples of pointing out targets which 
are small or hard to see: 

1. (a) To our right front (b) Reference point "a house 
with two chimneys" (c) at 3 o'clock (d) range 1000 (e) 
a patrol of four men. 

2. (a) at 2 o'clock (b) Reference point "a white shack" 
(c) at 9 o'clock (d) range 1100 (e) a squad marching 
east. 

Note: that in both examples the first command refers 
to the horizontal or fiat clock dial, 
that in both examples the third command refers to 
the vertical or upright clock dial. 

Explain to your instructor just what both of these ex- 
amples mean. 

814. Q. How may the fingers be used in designating or pointing 

out your target? 

A. My platoon commander may give a command like this: 

"To our right front, Reference point 'a stone house 

with two chimneys/ four o'clock three fingers, range 



FIRING REGULATIONS 127 

1000, a skirmish line alongside that fence length 
about two fingers, right at the dark bush." 

Which will mean that we find our reference point (stone 
house with two chimneys) as explained in the vertical 
clock system and from this reference point and in 
the four o'clock direction a width equal to three 
fingers we should find the right or nearest point of 
the skirmish line, one thousand yards away. The 
length of skirmish line is about two fingers which 
would bring the left of skirmish line two fingers farther 
to our right. 

In other words he has used his fingers to show how 
far from the reference point (stone house with two 
chimneys) we are to look for the nearest part of the 
target (three fingers) and he has again used his fingers 
to show how wide the target is (two fingers). 

815. Q. How should the fingers be used in pointing out the 

target? 
A. The arm is extended to its full extent, palm of the hand 
onwards, fingers held vertically (upright) with one 
side of the hand against the reference point. 

816. Q. When may it be necessary for you to aim at one object 

with the idea of hitting another? 
A. When the real target is very hard to see (or out of sight), 
but there is a good aiming point near by. In this 
case I may be required to aim and fire at the good 
aiming point but to use such windage and elevation 
as will throw my bullets into the real target. Only 
by following strictly the orders of the platoon com- 
mander as to sightsetting, etc., will my shots go where 
intended. 
816-a. Q. What other system is used for target and sector 
designation in addition to the finger system? 
A. The mil system. 
816-6. Q. What is a mil? 

A. A mil is the angular measurement the tangent of 
which is T oVff of the radius. Thus, in looking at 



127-A FIRING REGULATIONS 

an object 1 yard wide held at a distance of 1000 
yards from the eye, if a line is drawn to each end 
of the object the angle included between the 2 lines 
so drawn is a mil. 

816-c. Q. How can you quickly improvise a mil rule? 

A. Mark off tenths of an inch on the edge of a stick and 
attach a string of such length to the stick that 
when one end of string is held in the mouth, the 
stick will be 20 inches from the eye. The interval 
between 2 adjoining marks on the stick will be 
lmil. 

816-d. Q. In what manner may the service rifle be used for 
measuring mils? 

A. When the eye is placed 14 inches in rear of the sight 
leaf, the sight leaf covers 50 mils on the target. 

816-e. Q. What is the relation existing between the rear sight 
leaf, the finger and 50 mils? 

A. They are equal to each other and hence equal to the 
same thing. 

816-/. Q. How is the proper distance of the finger from the eye 
determined? 

A. By first using the rear sight at the proper distance 
from the eye to get the lateral distance between 
2 points and then holding the finger at such a 
distance from the eye that it just covers these 2 
points; or, measure one foot on an object, move 
20 feet away and cover the 1 foot of intercept by 
the finger. 
816-0. Q. How are mils most conveniently measured? 

A. With a field glass fitted with mil scale, with a mil rule 
or, for units of 50 mils, with the rifle sight. 

816-/*. Q. Why is it important that a soldier should understand 
and have some means of determining mils? 
A. It is essential that every man firing have some mil 
measuring instrument in order to interpret and 



FIRING REGULATIONS 127-B 

carry out the orders of his superiors when these 
orders are given in mils. 

816-i. Q. What is the value of a point of windage in mils? 

A. A point of windage is 43 inches at 1000 yards or 
about 1 and 1-6 mils. It is sufficiently accurate to 
consider a point of windage as 1 mil and the full 
scale of 21 points as 25 mils. 



CHAPTER X. 

FIRST AID 

First Aid to Wounds 

An attempt has been made to formulate these questions and answers in 
as simple language as possible so the average soldier can understand them, 
and no attempt has been made to follow grammatical or technical rules if 
the idea could be conveyed in a simpler form that the soldier would under- 
stand. These questions are not to be used in the place of instructions by 
the Company Commanders on the subjects covered, but are simply to be 
used as an aid to the enlisted man in getting a better understanding of the 
subject when taken up by his instructors. 

817. Q. Of what does the first aid treatment of wounds consist? 
A. (a) The arrest of hemorrhage. (Stopping bleeding.) 

(b) The prevention of infection. (Keeping dirt out of 
wound.) 

(c) The treatment of shock. 

ARREST OF HEMORRHAGE 

818. Q. How is the blood carried to the different parts of the 

body? 
A. By the blood vessels, just as the water is carried to the 
different parts of the post by the water pipes of the 
water system of the post. 

819. Q. How many kinds of blood vessels have you, and what 

does each do? 

A. Three. 

(a) Arteries, carrying the blood from the heart to the 
different parts of the body. * 

(b) Veins, carrying the blood from the different parts of 
the body to the heart. 

(c) Capillaries, very small vessels connecting the 
arteries and the veins. See picture No, 1. 

820. Q. What do you mean by hemorrhage? 




No. 1 

The heavy black lines represent the arteries. Paralleling each of these heavy black lines is- 
another black line that represents the veins. The small lines connecting the heavy lines rep- 
resent the capillaries. 

1 is the heart, the right side receiving the venous blood through the veins, the left side send- 
ing the arterial blood out through the arteries. 

2 is the large artery that carries the blood to the arms and is found under the collar bone- 
as shown in picture. 



FIRST AID 129 

A. When any part of the body is injured, as by a cut or a 
bullet wound, the walls of some of these vessels are 
broken, allowing the blood to flow out of the vessels in- 
stead of being carried along in them. Hemorrhage is 
the escape of the blood from the blood vessels through 
a break in their walls. 

821. Q. What kind of hemorrhage may follow an injury? 

A. (a) Arterial, when the walls of an artery are broken. 

(b) Venous, when the walls of a vein are broken. 

(c) Capillary, when the walls of a capillary are broken. 

822. Q. How could you tell by looking at a wound which of 

these vessels had been broken? 
A. (a) If an artery has been cut the blood flows out of the 
wound in spurts and the blood is bright red. 

(b) If a vein has been cut the blood flows out of the 
wound in a steady stream and the blood is dark red. 

(c) If capillaries are cut the blood simply oozes out of the 
wound and does not flow in a steady stream. 

823. Q. How would you stop the hemorrhage if you decided it 

was from an artery? 
A. By putting on a tourniquet between the wound and the 
heart. 

824. Q. What is a tourniquet? 

A. A pad or compress placed on the line of the artery and a 
strap or band to go over the'pad and around the limb so 
that when it is tightened it will press the pad down 
upon the artery and interrupt the flow of blood. 

825. Q. What may be used as a pad for the tourniquet? 

A. A cork, a smooth round stone, a piece of wood or- a coat 
button wrapped in something like a handkerchief to 
make it softer. 

826. Q. What may be used as the band for the tourniquet? 

A. Your waist belt, handkerchiei, hat cord or a piece of 
rope. See picture No. 2. 

827. Q. How is the tourniquet tightened? 
A. (a) Tie the band around the limb. 



130 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

(b) Place the pad under the band and over the artery 
where you want to make pressure. 

(c) Pass a stick under the band and twist until the flow 
of blood stops. 

(d) Hold in this position by catching one end of the stick 
under the band. 

828. Q. In what way may harm be done in using the tourniquet? 
A. (a) By bruising the flesh and muscles by twisting the 

band too tightly, 
(b) By leaving the pressure on too long. 

829. Q. When and how would you loosen the tourniquet? 

A. After about half an hour untwist the stick slowly and 
watch the wound for return of the hemorrhage; then 
leave band and pad in place so it may be tightened 
again if hemorrhage returns. 

830. Q. How would you stop the hemorrhage if it is from a vein? 
A. (a) Place gauze pad in first aid packet over the wound 

and then wind the bandage tightly around the limb 
over the gauze pad. 

(b) Then raise the limb above the rest of the body. 
See picture No. 3. 

(c) If it still bleeds put tourniquet on the side of the 
wound farthest from the heart. 

831. Q. If it is from the capillaries? 

A. By placing the gauze pad in the first aid packet over 
the wound and then wind the bandage tightly around 
the limb over the gauze pad. 

832. Q. How does making pressure between the wound and the 

heart stop hemorrhage from an artery? 

A. By pressing the artery against the bone so that the blood 
cannot pass through the artery and out of the wound. 

833. Q. Where would you make pressure if the bleeding is from 

the side of the head? 

A. In front of the ear just below the edge of the hair on the 
same side as the wound. See picture No. 4. 

834. Q. If from the arm above the elbow? 




No. 2 
1 is the line of the artery. 2 is the pad placed on line of artery; in this case folded hand- 
kerchief and match box have been used for a pad. 3 is the band; in this case the belt has 
been used. 4 is the stick to tighten the band; in this case a pen holder has been used. 5 is 
the wound. 




No. 6 
1 is the wound. 2 is the line of the artery. 

3 is the pad of the tourniquet in this case a 
handkerchief and blouse button were used. 

4 is the band of the tourniquet, in this case 
the hat cord was used. 5 is the stick to tighten 
the band; in this case the knife from the mess 
kit was used. 



No. 7 

1 is pad behind knee. 

2 is belt passed around ankle and thigh. 

3 is the wound. 



FIRST AID 131 

A. Along the inner edge of the big muscle on the front of 
the arm, above the wound. See picture No. 2. 

835. Q. If from the arm below the elbow or from the hand? 

A. Same as last answer; or by placing a pad in front of the 
elbow then placing the hand on the shoulder of the 
same side by bending the elbow; hold arm in that 
position by passing a belt around the wrist and 
around the arm just below the shoulder. See picture 
No. 5. 

836. Q. If from between the hip and the knee? 

A. The middle of the groin a few inches to the outside of the 
crotch, above the wound. See picture No. 6. 

837. Q. If from below the knee or from the foot? 

A. Same as last answer; or by placing a pad behind the knee 
and bending knee back until the heel almost touches 
the buttock; hold the leg in that position by passing a 
belt around the ankle and around the thigh just below 
the hip. See picture No. 7. 

838. Q. How would you stop bleeding from the large artery in 

the front of the neck? 
A. By making pressure with the thumbs below the wound 
and along the big muscle of the neck that comes down 
to the breast bone. See picture No. 8. 

839. Q. How would you stop bleeding from the large artery in the 

arm pit? 
A. By placing the thumb or finger on the artery in the space 
above the collar bone and pressing down behind the 
collar bone until your thumb or finger feels the bone 
underneath the collar bone. See picture No. 9. 

Prevention and Infection 
use of the first aid packet 

840. Q. Where is the first aid packet earned? 

A. In front of the right hip under the second pocket of the 
field belt. If armed with a pistol, in front of the left 
hip. 



132 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

841. Q. How should the packet be placed in the pouch? 
A. With the ring down. 

842. Q. Why? 

A. If placed with the ring up, a soldier in removing it will 
pull on the ring, either pulling off the metal ring or 
opening the metal container, thereby allowing dirt to 
get into the packet thus rendering it unserviceable. 

843. Q. Who carries the first aid packet? 
A. Every soldier in the army. 

844. Q. What does the first aid packet contain? 

A. Two gauze pads and bandages, two safety pins, and 
printed directions for using packet. 

845. Q. How do you open the first aid packet? 
A. By pulling on the ring. 

846. Q. What do you find when you open the first aid packet? 
A. One large package which contains three smaller packages. 

847. Q. What is in the smaller packages? 

A. A sterile gauze pad and bandage in two of them and safety 
pins in the smaller one. See picture No. 10. 

848. Q. How would you apply the first aid packet to a wound? 
A. (a) Open the packet by pulling on the ring. 

(b) Break the wax paper around one of the gauze pads 
and bandages. 

(c) Pick up the rolls of the bandage with the thumb and 
forefinger of each hand. 

(d) Pull gently with each hand until the gauze pad opens 
out. 

(e) Place this gauze pad over the wound. See picture 
No. 11. 

(f ) Unroll the bandage slowly from each side, winding it 
around the part so as to completely cover the gauze 
pad and hold it in place. 

(g) When the ends of the bandage are reached, pin with 
the safety pins or tie. 

849. Q. What is meant by saying the gauze pads and bandage are 

sterile? 




No. 3 
1 is the first aid packet applied over wound. 
2 is arm held above rest of body. 



No. 4 




No. 5 

1 is pad in front of elbow. 2 is belt around 1 is the wound, 

wrist and arm to hold hand on shoulder. 3 is pressure, 
end of belt tucked under shirt 



2 is the place to make 



FIRST AID 133 

A. They have been treated with heat or some chemical so 
that all germs have been killed. 

850. Q. Why is this done? 

A. So that when the gauze pad is put on the wound no 
germs will get in the wound from the dressing. 

851. Q. What four things should you remember in putting on the 

dressing? 
A. (a) That nothing whatever, not even your fingers, be 
allowed to touch the gauze pad which is placed 
against the wound. 

(b) That nothing whatever is allowed to touch the 
wound. 

(c) That the bandage should be put on so as to cover 
both ends of the gauze pad, thus preventing in- 
fection (dirt) from getting under the dressing when 
the wounded man is moved. 

(d) That the bandage is put on tightly enough to hold 
the gauze pad over the wound, but not so tightly 
as to shut off the circulation of the blood. 

852. Q. How would you know the bandage was too tight? 

A. The part beyond the bandage (farthest from the heart) 
would become swollen, the veins large, color dark and 
later may become cold; also the wounded man would 
probably complain of increasing pain. See picture 
No. 12. 

853. Q. Suppose the wound was larger than the gauze pad what 

would you do? 
A. At the top of the gauze pad will be found two threads ; 
break these and you will have a pad three and a half 
by seven inches. 

854. Q. Suppose there were two wounds? 

A. Apply the gauze pad and bandage in the other package 
the same as you have applied this one. 

855. Q. Why is it necessary to be so careful not to touch the 

wound or the gauze pad that you intend to place on 
the wound? 
A. (a) The hands, the clothing and everything that has 



134 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

not been sterilized are covered with hundreds of 
germs which are so small they can not be seen with 
the naked eye. 
(b) By touching the wound or the pad that is to be 
placed over it these germs are left in the wound or 
on the pad and from it they get into the wound. 

856. Q. What may result if these germs do get in the wound? 
A. Pus may form or there may develop "blood poisoning," 

lock-jaw, or erysipelas, depending upon the kind of 
germs that are carried into the wound. 

857. Q. What is an infected wound? 

A. One that germs have gotten into. 

858. Q. How may these germs get into the wound? 

A. (a) By touching the wound with dirty hands or dirty 
dressings, 
(b) By having a dirty body and dirty clothing. 

859. Q. How may a soldier prevent a wound from becom- 

ing infected? 
A. (a) By keeping his body and underwear clean. 

(b) By keeping dirt out of the wound. 

(c) By putting on the first aid dressing properly. 

Treatment of Shock 

860. Q. What is shock? 

A. It is a condition that results when a man has received 
a severe injury or has lost a large amount of blood. 

861. Q. What do you know about the treatment of shock? 

A. It is such a serious condition that a private soldier 
should not attempt to treat it but a medical officer 
should be called at once. 

First Aid in Sprains and Fractures 

862. Q. What would you do if you sprained your ankle or wrist? 
A. (a) Put hand or foot in bucket of cold water at once. 

(b) Keep adding cold water; ice water is better. 

(c) Keep it in this water for about a half -hour. 

(d) Bandage tightly and report to medical officer. 




No. 9 No. 11 

1 is the wound. 2 is the collar bone. 3 is 1 is the wound. 2a and 2b sterile bandage, 

the place to make pressure. 3 is sterile gauze pad. 

Note how he has picked up each bandage with thumb and forefinger without touching pad. 




No. 12 
1 is first aid packet applied to wound near 
elbow. 2 shows enlarged veins caused by 
bandage being too tight. 

No. 10 
1 is first aid packet with metal container. 
2 is package found after metal container is re- 



No. 10 
moved. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, are what is found when 
large package is opened. 3a and 3b each con- 
tain a sterile gauze pad and bandage. 3c con- 
tains two safety pins. 3d is printed directions 
for using packet. 4 is safety pins opened. 5 is 
sterile pad contained in 3a and 3b. 6 is sterile 
bandage contained in 3a and 3b. 



FIRST AID 135 

863. Q. What would you do if you thought a man had a broken 

bone? 
A. (a) See that the injured limb is not moved more than 
is absolutely necessary. 

(b) Place the limb in as near the natural position as 
possible. 

(c) Put on splints so as to hold it in that position. 

864. Q. What are the dangers from moving a broken limb be- 

fore splints are put on? 
A. In moving the limb, the sharp ends of the bone may 
tear the muscles or a blood vessel, or may break 
through the skin. 

865. Q. What would you do if the bone had broken through 

the skin? 
A. First put on a first aid packet and then apply splinta 
the same as for any other broken bone. 

866. Q. What could be used for splints? 

A. Pieces of board, sticks cut from trees or anything that 
is strong enough to hold the limb so it can not move. 

867. Q. What must you always be careful to do in putting on 

splints? 

A. (a) Pad the splints so they will not cause pain by pres- 
sure. 

(b) Put splints on tight enough so there can be no move- 
ment of the broken ends of the bone when the man 
is moved. 

(c) Have the splints long enough so as to prevent, as 
much as possible, movement of the joint above and 
the joint below the break. 

868. Q. What could be used for padding? 

A. Parts of the man's clothing, paper, grass, leaves. 

869. Q. What could you use to hold the splints in position? 

A. Handkerchiefs, waist belts, bandages, ropes, hat cords, 
leggin strings, shoe strings or straps. Put these on 
above and below the break and never immediately 
over it. 



136 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

870. Q. What would you do if a man had a broken arm between 

the shoulder and elbow? 
A. Put splints on outside of arm from shoulder to elbow; 
another on inside of arm from arm pit to elbow; 
place arm across chest so that the thumb points up 
and hold in a sling. See pictures 13, 15, and 16. 

871. Q. If between the wrist and elbow? 

A. Splint on outside of arm from elbow to ends of fingers; 
splint on inside of arm from elbow to ends of fingers; 
put in sling as shown in pictures 15 and 16, also see 
picture 14. 

872. Q. What could you use for a sling? 

A. Two handkerchiefs tied together, lower part of blouse 
or shirt turned up and pinned high enough to hold 
arm across chest, or use a belt. See pictures 15 and 
16. 

873. Q. If between the knee and the ankle? 

A. Splints on inside, outside, and behind from above knee 
to sole of foot; then tie the legs together. See pic- 
tures 17 and 18. 

874. Q. If between the hip and the knee? 

A. Long splint on outside of leg from armpit to sole of 
foot; short splint inside of and behind leg from crotch 
to sole of foot, then tie legs together. See picture 
No. 19. 

875. Q. If collar bone is broken? 

A. No splints needed, but put arm in sling same as for a 
broken bone. 

First Aid in Drowning 

876. Q. What are some of the things to remember if you are a 

poor swimmer and find yourself in deep water? 

A. (a) Do not make violent strokes with your arms and 
legs, as this only tires you out. 
(b) If possible keep your head above the water, and if 
you find you have to go under close your mouth and 



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■K I \ *-^ 




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._. 





No. 13 
1 is splint on outside of arm from shoulder 
to elbow. 2 shoestrings used to hold splints 
in place. 3 underwear used as padding. 4 
where the arm is broken. 5 is splint on in- 
side of arm from armpit to elbow. 



No. 14 
1 is splint on outside of arm from elbow to 
fingers. 2 is underwear used as padding. 3 
shoestrings used to hold splints in place. 
4 where the arm is broken. 5 is splint on in- 
side of arm to ends of fingers. 




No. 15 
1 is lower end of shirt used as sling. 2 shows 
shirt held in position by two safety pins. 



No. 16 
Showing belt used as sling. 



FIRST AID 137 

hold your breath. If you do this you will come to 
the surface in a very short time, 
(c) Do not throw your arms out of the water or try to 
raise them above your head. If you do your head 
will go under. 
877. Q. In what way can you keep your head above the surface 
for a long time? 
A. (a) Throw your head back with your face turned up so 
just your nose and mouth stick out of the water. 

(b) Keep working your hands and feet slowly up and 
down. In this way you will float for a long time 
and not become tired. 

(c) The smallest piece of board or driftwood will be a 
great help in keeping you afloat. 

$78. Q. If a person swims out to rescue you what should you do? 
A. (a) Remain in the same position as when floating. 

(b) Try to do exactly as the person rescuing you tells 
you to do. 

(c) Never grasp the person rescuing you with your arms 
or legs. If you do you will both drown. 

(d) When he starts to tow you turn on your back and 
if possible without interfering with him paddle with 
your hands and feet. 

879. Q. In what danger is a swimmer when he tries to rescue a 

drowning man? 
A. He is in danger of being drowned by the drowning man 
getting a "death grip" on him and preventing the 
rescuer from swimming. 

880. Q. What would you do when you had reached the drowning 

man? 
A. (a) Tell him to stop struggling and keep his arms and 
legs away from you and you will be able to save him. 

(b) Do not attempt to take hold of him until he has 
stopped struggling and is quiet. 

(c) Do not allow him to grasp you with his arms or 
legs. 

881. Q. What would you do if he did get a grip on you with his 

arms or te^s? 



138 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Push his head under the water and hold it there until 
he relaxed, or strike him in the face with your fist or 
choke him. 

882. Q. After he has become quiet how would you take hold of 

him? 
A. (a) Swim around him so you could suddenly grasp him 
by the hair, the collar or under the arms, and then 
turn him on his back. 

(b) Then give him a quick pull toward you, which will 
bring his body near the surface, and at the same time 
turn on your back. See picture No. 26. This should 
place his back on your stomach and the back of his 
head on your chest. 

(c) Place your hands under his jaw on each side and 
swim with your legs and elbows. See picture No. 26. 

883. Q. What causes a man to die when he is kept under water? 
A. He tries to breathe and instead of drawing air into his 

lungs, draws in water which fills his lungs so that 
the air can not enter. 

884. Q. Then what is the first thing to do for him when he is 

taken out of the water? 
A. Try to get the water out of hfe lungs. 

885. Q. How would you do that? 

A. (a) Open his clothing about his neck. 

(b) Turn him on his face. 

(c) Stand astraddle of him and pick him up by placing 
your hands under his belly just above his hips and 
lift him up so his face falls toward his toes. See 
picture No. 20. 

(d) Hold him in this position and shake him up and 
down several times. 

886. Q. You have the water out of him so that the air can go 

in his lungs. Nov/ what are you going to do for him? 

A. (a) Wipe out his mouth as far back as you can reach, 
as his mouth may be filled with mud or sand, or 
mucus (phlegm) and this would keep the air from 
entering his lungs. 




No. 17 
1. 2, 3, are splints on inside, behind, and outside of leg from below sole of foot to above 
knee. 4 where bone is broken. 5 shoestrings to hold splints in place, 6 is hat cord to hold 
splints in place. 7 is underwear and O. D. shirt used for padding. 




No. 18 

Shows broken leg same as in plate No. 17 but with legs tied together so he can be moved. 

1 is where leg is broken. 2 are belts used to tie legs together. 




No. 19 

1, 2, are splints reaching from crotch to below sole of foot on inside and behind leg. 3 is 
splint reaching from armpit to below sole of foot. 4 shoestrings, hat cord, and belts used to 
hold splints in position. 5 is where bone is broken. 



FIRST AID 139 

(b) Try to start him breathing by artificial respiration. 

887. Q. How would you give artificial respiration? 

A. (a) Lay him face down, turn head to one side so that 
nose and mouth are not in the dirt. 

(b) Bring his arms straight up above his head. See 
picture No. 20. 

(c) Get astraddle of his legs up close to his hips and 
pull up his shirt and find the lower edge of the lowest 
rib. 

(d) Turn your hands outward so your fingers point 
away from his backbone, then put the heels of your 
hands down on his back a couple of inches from his 
back bone, one on each side of the backbone, the 
little finger of each hand being along the lower edge 
of the lowest rib on each side. 

(e) Keep you arms stiff and throw your weight forward 
on your hands and stay in that position for about 
three seconds. See picture No. 22. 

(f) Suddenly take off your weight, then wait two or 
three seconds and then put on weight again as before. 

(g) Repeat these movements twelve or fifteen times a 
minute. If a man is larger than you, when you put 
your weight on your hands raise your body so all your 
weight is on the heels of your hands and your toes. 
Never keep weight on man longer than three seconds. 
See picture No. 23. 

888. Q. What is the best way to time the movements in artificial 

respiration? 
A. Have comrade time you with watch, or lay your own 
watch down by your side where you can see the 
time. If you have no watch, time it by your breath- 
ing. You breathe once about every three seconds. 

889. Q. How long would you keep up artificial respiration? 
A. At least two hours. 

890. Q. After he started to breathe what would you do? 

A. As soon as he is conscious give him something hot to 
drink, black coffee being the best; watch him carefully 
as he may stop breathing again; wrap him in blankets 



140 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

and do not move him or allow him to stand until his 
breathing has been deep and regular for an hour or 
more. 

First Aid in Poisoning and Snake Bite 

891. Q. When a man takes poison of any kind what is the first 

thing to do? 
A. Get as much of it out of him as you can as quickly as pos- 
sible, or give him something that will change the poison 
so that it will no longer act as a poison. 

892. Q. What could you do to get the poison out of him? 

A. Cause him to empty his stomach by vomiting; to do this 
give him a glass of warm water with a teaspoonful of 
salt in it, or a glass of warm water with a teaspoonful 
of mustard in it; then put your finger down his throat 
as far as you can, or tickle the back part of his throat 
with a feather, until he vomits; give water from time to 
time and keep him vomiting until the water he throws 
up is clear. 

893. Q. When should you not give him something to make him 

throw up? 
A. If there were burns on his lips or in his mouth; this 
would show he had taken carbolic or some other strong 
acid. 

894. Q. What could you give him to change the poison so that it 

would no longer act as a poison? 
A. Hot strong tea, milk or white of an egg are best; these 
should be given before the mustard or salt water; if 
there are burns, these should be given alone. 

895. Q. What would you do if a man was bitten by a poisonous 

snake? 
A. (a) At once place a tourniquet without a pad between 
the wound and the heart. 

(b) With a. clean knife, the blade of which has been 
heated in a match flame, make the bite larger so that 
the blood will flow out. 

(c) Have the injured man or comrade suck the wound. 












No. 26 
Position for Rescue. 



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1 


IBU Elbe*. 


• 


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0. 



1 shows arm above head. 



No. 21 
2 shows head turned to one side. 3 shows proper place for hand 
to make pressure. 4 shows backbone. 




No. 22 
1 shows hands in proper position. 2 shows arms stiff with weight thrown on hands and man 
making pressure resting on his knees. 




No. 23 
Shows weight on hands and toes 



FIRST AID 141 

(d) Give stimulants of some kind, like whiskey or black 
coffee in small doses. 

896. Q. Why would you put on this tourniquet? 

A. To keep the poison that is in the wound from being 
carried into his system. 

897. Q. How long would you leave this tourniquet on? 
A. About a half to three quarters of an hour. 

898. Q. How would you take it off? 

A. By untwisting a turn; then waiting a few minutes, and 
untwisting another turn; continue in this way until the 
tourniquet is loose, taking about a half hour to com- 
pletely untwist it. 

899. Q. Why is this necessary? 

A. By loosening it slowly he will get what poison there is left 
in the wound into his system in such small amounts 
that it will not poison him. 

900. Q. What would cause you to tighten the tourniquet again? 
A. If the man, at any time, complains of feeling dizzy or sick 

at his stomach. 

901. Q. Why would this cause you to tighten the tourniquet 

again? 
A. His complaining of feeling sick at his^stomach or dizzy 
would show that he was getting enough poison into 
his system from the wound to poison him, so the tour- 
niquet would have to be tightened again to stop it. 

First Aid in Burns and Freezing 

902. Q. What would you do if you spilled boiling water over your 

hand and arm? 
A. Keep the whole burned surface under warm water so as 
to keep out the air; if there are blisters do not open 
them but put on clean handkerchief or bandage and 
bandage lightly, and report to medical officer at once. 
If the clothing is stuck to the burned surface, do not 
try to remove, but cut off the rest of the clothing leav- 
ing the part that is stuck remain. 



142 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

903. Q. What would you do if you spilled lye on your hands! 
A. Pour vinegar over it and then do the same as above. 

904. Q. What would you do if you found a comrade's clothing all 

ablaze? 
A. Throw him down and not allow him to run, as this would 
increase the blaze; smother the blaze by throwing 
around him a blanket, coat or overcoat; after fire is out 
do the same as above. 

905. Q. What part of the body is most frequently frozen? 
A. The ears, fingers, nose, toes and cheeks. 

906. Q. How would you know your fingers were about to become 

frozen? 
A. First they would feel cold, then painful and red, then 
they would commence to tingle and feel like they were 
going to sleep and at the same time changing to a dark 
red color; after this, all feeling leaves them and they 
become white. 

907. Q. What would you do if you found one of your hands or 

feet frozen? 
A. Keep away from the fire or warm room; if possible, put 
the part in a bucket of ice water and rub briskly; if not, 
rub briskly with wet snow; never rub with dry snow. 
Keep this up until the feeling and color returns in the 
part; then wrap in cloths wrung out in ice water. 

First Aid in Fainting, Heat Exhaustion, and Sunstroke 

908. Q. What would you do if a comrade fell in a faint? 
A. (a) Place his head lower than his body. 

(b) Keep the crowd from collecting around him. 

(c) Open his clothing about his neck and chest. 

(d) Sponge his head and face with cold water. 

909. Q. How would you tell the difference between heat ex- 

haustion and heat stroke? 

A. HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE 

Skin cold to touch Skin very hot to touch 

Skin damp Skin dry 



FIRST AID 143 

HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE 

Face pale Face very red 

Breathing shallow and Breathing deep and snoring 

sighing Man usually unconscious and 

Man not unconscious, cannot be aroused 

easily aroused 

910. Q. What would you do for heat stroke? 
A. (a) Place in coolest place possible. 

(b) Pour cold water over entire body, or if possible rub 
entire body with ice. 

(c) When conscious give cold (not ice) water to drink in 
small quantities frequently. 

911. Q. For heat exhaustion? 

A. (a) Place him in the shade. 

(b) Open his clothing around his neck. 

(c) Lower his head. 

(d) Give stimulants such as black coffee. 

(e) Wrap him in blankets and rub limbs until they feel 
warm. 

Care of the Feet 

912. Q. What are the most common troubles a soldier may 

have with his feet while on the march? 
A. Corns, blisters, bunions, inflamed or swollen tendons 
(cords or leaders), and ingrowing nails. 

913. Q. What causes corns, blisters and bunions? 
A. (a) Shoes that do not fit properly. 

(b) Socks that wrinkle. 

(c) Wrinkles in the lining of the shoes. 

(d) Dirt in the shoes. 

(e) Dirty socks or dirty feet. 

(f ) Not having the feet properly hardened before starting 
on a long march. 

(g) Socks that are too tight. 
How can shoes be fitted to the feet? 
After the shoes have been properly fitted to the feet by 

the Company Commander, stand for five minutes in 



144 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

water well above the soles of the shoes; then walk over 
a level surface until the shoes are perfectly dry; then 
rub shoes with a light coat of "Neat's Foot Oil." 

915. Q. What can be done to prevent blisters other than having 

a properly fitted shoe? 
A. (a) Always wear woolen socks. 

(b) See that the socks have no holes or wrinkles in them, 
and that they are not too tight. 

(c) See that there are no wrinkles in the shoe lining* 

(d) Put on clean socks every morning. 

(e) Use foot powder in shoes and socks every morning. 

(f) Bathe the feet every evening, or at least wipe them 
off with a wet towel. 

(g) Put on adhesive plaster over any red or tender spots. 

916. Q. If a blister has formed while on the march what would 

you do? 
A. (a) Open the edge of blister with the point of a knife or 
needle that has been heated in a match flame. 

(b) Be sure and get all of the fluid out of the blister; to 
leave any in it may make it worse. 

(c) Put on adhesive plaster covering the skin well be- 
yond the edges of the blisters, putting on as 
tightly as possible without wrinkles. 

917. Q. What is a good way to stop a shoe from rubbing the heel? 
A. Put a piece of felt or cloth between the tongue of the shoe 

and the lace and then lace tightly. 

918. Q. Where are the tendons that usually become inflamed or 

swollen? 
A. (a) The large cord that can be felt just above the heel at 
the back of the foot, 
(b) The several small cords that can be felt in front of 
the ankle and on top of the foot. 

919. Q. What causes them to become painful or swollen? 

A. (a) Lacing lower part of leggin too tightly. 

(b) Lacing shoe too tightly. 

(c) Folds in tongue of shoe or knots in the shoe strings 
pressing on the tendons. 



FIRST AID 145 

(d) Strap on back of shoe pressing against big tendon 
above heel by lower part of leggin. 

920. Q. What would you do if you found you had an inflamed 

tendon? 
A. Report to medical officer as soon as pain is first noticed. 
If this is impossible remove any of the above causes 
that may be present; soak foot in cold water and then 
massage over tendon; then strap tendons down as 
tightly as possible with adhesive plaster. 

921. Q. What causes ingrowing nails? 

A. Not trimming the nails properly and shoes that are too 
tight across the toes. 

922. Q. How should the nails be trimmed? 

A. Straight across, leaving the corners square. 

923. Q. What would you do if you had a nail just starting to grow 

in? 
A. (a) Cut the nail square across the ends. 

(b) Cut a V-shaped piece out of the centre of the end. 

(c) Scrape the nail as thin as possible from the point 
of the V back toward the flesh. See picture No. 24. 

(d) Soak the foot in hot water every night and gently 
press flesh away from the sides of the nail. 

(e) If possible work a piece of cotton underneath the 
edges of the nail where it has started to grow in. 

(f) Do not cut out the corners but leave them grow 
out square. See picture No. 25. 

(g) Do not cut nail close enough to cause bleeding as 
this may cause blood poisoning. 



CHAPTER XI 
CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 

Flies 

924. Q. Why are flies dangerous? 
A. Because they carry disease. 

925. Q. How do they carry disease? 

! A. By carrying germs from the places they feed to our food. 

926. Q. How do they carry these germs? 

f A. (a) By the germs sticking to their bodies and legs. 
A single fly has been known to carry as many as six 
million germs at one time. 

(b) By the liquid from their mouths they put on the 
food to soften it so they can eat it. 

(c) By depositing "fly specks" which contain germs, 
on the food. 

927. Q. Where do flies feed? 

A. (a) In the "rears," not properly covered. 

(b) On any waste matter that is not put in the "rears." 

(c) On food that is not covered in kitchen and dining 
room. 

(d) In garbage cans. 

(e) Around picket lines and stables. 

(f) Where greasy water has been thrown on the ground. 

(g) On small pieces of garbage that have been scattered 
over the ground. 

(h) They may feed in any of these places and in a 
few minutes afterwards alight on your food and leave 
the germs they have picked up in these places or 
pieces of the waste matter from the "rears" or picket 
line on the food you eat. 

928. Q. Where do flies lay their eggs? 
A. (a) In the "rears." 

146 



CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 14? 

(b) In horse manure and unclean picket lines. 

(c) In garbage cans not properly covered. 

(d) In the ground where greasy water has been thrown. 

(e) In partially burned garbage that is frequently 
found around incinerators. 

929. Q. How many eggs will a fly lay at a time? 
A. One hundred to two hundred. 

930. Q. How long does it take these eggs to hatch and full 

grown flies come out? 

A. Ten to twelve days. 

931. Q. If flies have the proper feeding places will they increase 

in number very rapidly? 

A. Yes, one female and her offspring will produce over 
twelve million flies in forty days, even though half 
their eggs do not hatch. 

932. Q. What are some of the diseases that flies may carry? 

A. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera and tape 
worms. 

983. Q. What is the best way to keep flies away from a camp? 

A. (a) Destroy their breeding places, this is the first and 
most important. 

(b) Destroy their feeding places — don't feed them. 

(c) Use fly traps and fly paper. 

(d) Swat them. 

934. Q. How can their breeding places be destroyed? 

A. (a) By burning out the "rears" every day. 

(b) By removing the manure from the picket line and 
stables every day, and burning over the ground 
around the picket line once a week. 

(c) By putting all garbage and greasy water in the 
incinerator, and seeing that it is completely burned. 

(d) By daily policing around the kitchen and kitchen 
incinerator. 

(e) By removing every day small pieces of garbage, 
waste matter and horse manure that may be scattered 
over the ground. 



148 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

935. Q. How can their feeding places be destroyed? 

A. (a) Have all deposits in the "rears" completely covered 
at once. 

(b) Bury any waste matter that may be found near the 
camp. 

(c) Have all foodstuffs covered with mosquito bars or 
cheese cloth. 

(d) Do not allow dirty dishes or cooking utensils to 
set around exposed. 

(e) Keep garbage cans covered. 

(f) Do not throw greasy water on the ground. 

(g) Have horse manure and small pieces of garbage 
collected and burned by camp "police" each day. 

(h) By the proper "police" of the picket lines. 

Care of the Health in Garrison, on the March and in the 

Camp 

in garrison 

936. Q. How often should a man bathe? 

A. At least twice a week bathe the whole body with warm 
water and soap and follow this with cold water. 

937. Q. Why is this necessary? 

A. The sweat is being poured out on the skin at all times; 
it dries on the skin and collects the dust and dirt. 
Germs that are always on the skin will grow and 
multiply by the million in this sweat and dirt so that 
any slight injury to the skin will become infected and 
abscesses or boils form. 

938. Q. Why is it that men so frequently have boils when in 

the field? 
A. They usually do not have as good means for bathing 
as in garrison, and this dirt, sweat and germs collect 
on the skin; these germs are constantly rubbed into 
the skin by the equipment, that is why boils are so 
often seen where the belt or pack rubs against the 
man. 

939. Q. Why should every man wash his hands before each meal? 



CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 149 

A. (a) Because he probably has been handling something 
that others have been handling. 

(b) These other persons may have some disease and 
the germs of this disease will be on things they handle. 

(c) Your hands pick up these germs. 

(d) Then you get these germs on your food and that 
may give you the disease. 

940. Q. What are some of the diseases that may be carried 

that way? 
A. Typhoid fever, cholera, syphilis, tuberculosis (con- 
sumption). 

941. Q. How often should the underclothing be changed? 

A. Twice a week, and the underclothing that is worn during 
the day should not be worn at night. 

942. Q. How often should your bedding be changed? 

A. Pillow cases and sheets should be washed once a week 
and the blankets and mattress aired once a week. 

943. Q. What vermin is a man liable to get when he does not 

keep his body and clothing clean? 
A. Different kinds of lice. 

944. Q. What are the common kinds of lice? 

A. (a) The head louse, which usually lives in the hair of 
the head. 

(b) The body louse (gray-back), which usually lives in 
the clothing. 

(c) The body louse (crab-louse), which usually lives 
in the hair of the body. 

945. Q. In what way can lice harm you? 

A. They not only suck your blood and cause irritation of 
the skin, but they may carry disease from one person 
to another. 

946. Q. What should you do if you found you had lice of any 

kind? 

A. Report at once to the Medical Officer for treatment, 
and treat yourself exactly as he tells you. Do not 
try to get rid of them yourself; you may be able to 



150 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

do so for a time, but they usually come back again 
for their knits or eggs are hard to kill and unless you 
are instructed how to kill these knits and eggs they 
will hatch out a long time after you have killed all 
the lice and you will find you will have another crop 
of them several weeks after you think you are cured. 

947. Q. What causes the teeth to decay? 

A. Not cleaning the teeth and mouth properly. 

948. Q. How often should you clean your teeth? 

A. At least twice a day, especially before going to bed at 
night. 

949. Q. What should you use to clean your teeth? 

A. A good stiff brush and a good tooth paste or powder 
that has no gritty material in it. 

950. Q. How should you clean your teeth? 

A. (a) Brush the back part of the teeth as well as the 
front, brushing up and down the long way of the 
teeth instead of across them. 

(b) Brash the gums as well as the teeth. 

(c) After brushing all the teeth in this way rinse the 
mouth thoroughly with warm water. 

951. Q. Why should you brush the gums as well as the teeth? 

A. It makes them harder and keeps them from getting 
soft, spongy and sore and liable to bleed easily. 

952. Q. How should you care for your tooth brush? 

A. (a) Rinse off thoroughly after using each time. 

(b) Allow it to dry by hanging it up or laying in some 
clean place. 

(c) Do not carry brush in your pocket, leggin or hat 
band. 

(d) Do not use brush after the bristles become worn, 
soft or loose. 

953. Q. What happens when the teeth are not properly cleaned 

every day? 
A. (a) Part of the food remains between the teeth or be- 
tween the teeth and the gums. 



CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 151 

(b) These particles of food decompose and give a bad 
odor to the breath and a bad taste in the mouth; also 
later cause the teeth to decay. 

(c) Later where these particles of food collect hard 
crusts form, and these crusts are called tartar. 

(d) This tartar discolors the teeth and causes the gums 
to become sore. 

954. Q. What causes tooth ache? 

A. Holes or cavities in the teeth. 

955. Q. In addition to brushing in what other way should these 

particles of food be removed from between the teeth? 
A. By working dental floss or thread between the teeth, 
but do not use a pin or metal pick, or a hard wood 
pick. 

956. Q. What else may happen to a tooth besides causing it 

to ache when a cavity forms in it? 
A. Pus may collect at its root. This is what is commonly 
called "an ulcerated tooth" or an "abscessed tooth." 

957. Q. How can tooth ache or an abscess at the root of a tooth 

be prevented? 
A. (a) By using a stiff tooth brush regularly. 

(b) By keeping the food from collecting between the 
teeth and around the gums by using dental floss. 

(c) By reporting to the Dental Surgeon at once as soon 
as a small cavity is found, and not waiting until the 
cavityjbecomes deep enough to cause the tooth to ache. 

(d) Have the teeth examined at least twice a year by 
a Dental Surgeon, as small cavities will form between 
your teeth without your knowing it until they begin 
to ache. 

958. Q. What is a gum boil? 

A. It is the pus from an abscess at the root of a tooth 
forcing its way out through the gums. 

959. Q. What should you do for it? 

A. Report to a Dental Surgeon at once. 

960. Q. What besides cavities in the teeth may come from not 

keeoing the mouth clean? 



152 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. (a) Particles of food collect between the gums and the 
teeth and decompose, 
(b) Germs will collect there and pus will form under the 
gums, (pyorrhea). 

961. Q. What harm does this do? 

A. (a) It inflames the gums and makes them tender so 
the food will not be properly chewed. 

(b) When the food is chewed this pus is squeezed out 
from under the gums and is swallowed with the food. 

(c) After a time the gums will shrink away from the 
teeth and the teeth become loose, and may fall out. 

962. Q. How may decayed teeth or pus under the gums affect 

your health? 
A. (a) It keeps the food from being properly chewed, be- 
cause of the soreness, and this keeps it from being 
properly digested. 

(b) It causes a bad taste in the mouth and bad breath, 
loss of appetite, and later trouble with the stomach. 

(c) This collection of pus under the gums allows germs to 
get into the body either by being swallowed with 
the food or getting into the blood through the 
gums, and these germs may give you disease, 
especially rheumatism. 

963. Q. What should be done with all kinds of garbage and waste 

from the kitchen and table? 
A. It should be put in the cans provided for that purpose 

and these cans kept covered. 
Why is this necessary? 
If even the smallest particles of garbage are allowed to 

become scattered around they will attract flies. 

ON THE MARCH 

964. Q. What should you do at the first halt on the march? 

A. Re-adjust the pack or any part of the equipment that has 
felt uncomfortable. Loosen the shoe and legging laces 
if they feel at all tight; if shoes feel uncomfortable look 
for dirt or wrinkles in the socks; go to the "rear" if you 
have not already done so before the start. 



CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 153 

965. Q. What is the best way to get the most benefit out of the 

halt? 
A. Loosen the pack and the belt; lie down if you can and 
keep your feet higher than your head. 

966. Q. Why should the water in your canteen be used sparingly? 
A. (a) It should be filled with good water before starting. 

(b) This may be all the good water you will be -able to 
get until you get into camp and then you may have 
to wait some time before you get any more. 

(c) If it is drunk in large quantities at once it does not 
stop your thirst any more than ^if it is taken in 
small sips. 

(d) If it is taken in large quantities on a hot day it ma£ 
make you sick. 

967. Q. What are some of the things you may do to preven f 

thirst? 
A. (a) Drink your water in small sips, just enough to wet 
the back part of your mouth. 

(b) Keep chewing gum or a pebble in your mouth. 

(c) Do not smoke while marching. 

(d) Do not eat sweets or use alcoholic liquors while 
marching or the night before. 

968. Q. Why not re-fill your canteen at any well, spring or stream 

that you pass? 
A. Very often the water from such places may look and taste 
all right, but at the same time not be fit to drink be- 
cause of cesspools, privies, or stables may drain in 
them and drinking such water may give you disease, so 
canteens should be filled only from such places as a 
medical or other officer tells you the water is fit to 
drink. 

969. Q. What diseases may you get from drinking such water? 
A. Typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea and worms. 

970. Q. If it became necessary for' you to go to the "rear" while 

on the march where should you go? 
A. A place some distance from the road, and then remember 
to cover your deposit with dirt. 



154 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

971. Q. Why is this necessary? 

A. Other troops may be following you and camp near this 
place, or you may camp here later. If this deposit is 
not covered properly, flies will collect there and then go 
to the camp kitchens, or it may be blown into the camp 
kitchens by the wind. 

972. Q. Why should you not buy fruits, candy, soft drinks or ice 

cream from vendors along the road? 
A. (a) Fruits may be covered by disease germs from the 
hands of the vender. 

(b) Candy will increase your thirst. 

(c) Soft drinks are usually ice cold and if drunk in large 
quantities may make you sick. 

(d) The same is true for ice cream, and the kind sold by 
these people is usually made out of the dirtiest 
kind of milk which may contain all kinds of disease 
germs. 

IN CAMP 

973. Q. What is the best thing to do when you get into camp 

feeling tired and exhausted? 
A. Remove equipments at once; drink a cup of hot black 
coffee and eat a sandwich; do not eat a heavy meal 
until after you have rested. 

974. Q. What will overeating and poorly chewed food do to you? 
A. Give you cramps and diarrhea. 

975. Q. What should you do as soon as your tents are pitched? 
A. Ditch the tent, level the floor and make a dry bed with 

straw, leaves, grass or boughs. 

976. Q. When should mosquito bars be used? 

A. Every night when camped in places wnere there are 
mosquitoes. 

977. Q. What is the danger from mosquitoes? 
A. Their bite may give you disease. 

978. Q. What diseases can mosquitoes give you? 

A. Malaria fever, yellow fever and dengue (break bone 
fever). 



CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 155 

979. Q. What is one of the first things that is always done when 

you get into camp? 
A. A pit or latrine is always dug by each company for a 
"rear." 

980. Q. Where should "rears" be dug? 

A. (a) Always at the opposite end of the company street 
from the kitchen. 

(b) About fifty yards from the last tent on the company 
street. 

(c) On ground high enough to prevent flooding in case of 
rain. 

(d) On ground that does not drain into a stream from 
which water is used. 

381. Q. What would you do to any "rear" that you build to 
prevent its flooding? 
A. Either ditch "rear" tent or ditch the pit. 

982. Q. Why should "rears" be dug as soon as getting into 

camp? 
A. So that the men will have a place to go to the "rear" 
and will not have to soil the ground around the camp. 

983. Q. What is the difference if they do soil the ground if they 

go some distance from camp? 
A. This will cause the flies to collect at this place, and these 
flies will afterwards find their way to the kitchens; also 
as the earth dries it will be carried by the wind as dust 
to the kitchen and get in the food. 

984. Q. What is the best kind of a "rear" to use when camp is to 

be occupied for only twenty-four or forty-eight hours? 
A. A straddle pit for each company. 

985. Q. How should it be dug? 

A. Make it one foot wide, eight feet long and two feet deep. 

986. Q. What should you do with the dirt taken out of the pit? 

A. Pile it along side the pit so it can be used by each man to 
cover up his deposit. 

987. Q. What should be kept in each "rear" all the time to aid 

the men in covering their deposit? 



156 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. A small piece of board or bark to be used as a shovel. 

988. Q. What should every man do that uses the "rear"? 

A. See that his deposit is completely covered with loose 
earth that is kept alongside the pit, so that flies cannot 
get to any part of it. 

989. Q. Why should you sit astride of these pits instead of along 

the side? 
A. If you sit astride, everything drops to the bottom of the 
pit, while if you sit on the side, you will soil the edges 
of the pit and flies will collect or this soiled earth will be 
carried on your shoes or by the wind to the kitchens 
and tents. 

990. Q. If the camp is to be used more than forty-eight hours how 

would you dig the pit? 
A. Dig it two feet wide, twelve feet long and six feet deep. 

991. Q. If box seats are furnished how should the pit be dug? 
A. The same as last answer only the width and the length 

should be so that edges of the box would come about 
four inches from the edges of the pit. Then bank the 
dirt around the bottom of the box so flies cannot get in. 
592. Q. What kind of care is required for this kind of a pit? 
A. (a) Scrub the box seat every day. 

(b) Burn out pit with fifteen pounds of straw and one 
gallon of oil once a day. 

(c) See that the lids and around the edges of the boxes 
are kept fly proof. 

(d) Dig new pit when filled within two feet of the top of 
the ground. Fill old pit and mark it. 

(e) Keep lids closed when not in use. 

093. Q. In camps for more than forty-eight hours what should be 
used as a urinal at night? 

A. ^ tub or galvanized iron can should be placed in each 
company street with a lantern beside it. 

994. Q. What care does this require? 

A. (a) It should be placed in the company street at dark 
and be removed immediately after reveille. 



CAMP SANITATION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE 157 

(b) It should be emptied in the "rear" every morning, 
scrubbed and burned out with straw and oil and then 
the bottom covered with a solution of lime and the can 
kept covered. 

995. Q. What should every man remember about the disposal of 

his waste matter? 
A. (a) That the bowels and bladder should not be emptied 
at any place except in one of these pits and then 
deposit covered, or the lid of the box seat closed. 

(b) Not to do this may cause sickness for himself or his 
comrades. 

(c) If the material is not placed in the pits and properly 
covered, some of it will always find its way to the 
kitchen either by flies or dust and he will be get- 
ting it served with his meals. 

996. Q. In a twenty-four to forty-eight hour camp what should 

be done with the garbage? 
A. It should be burned in the cook fire, or fire for that pur- 
pose. 

997. Q. If camp is to be longer than forty-eight hours, what 

should be done with it? 
A. It should be burned in the company incinerator. 

998. Q. How would you build a company incinerator? 

A. (a) Build a pit three feet wide, one foot deep and four 
and a half feet long, near the kitchen. 

(b) Fill this to the level of the ground with loose stones. 

(c) Build a stone wall one and a half feet high around 
both sides and one end of pit. 

(d) Bank outside of stone wall with dry dirt. 

999. Q. How should the garbage be placed on the incinerator? 
A. The solid garbage should be burned in the centre 

of the incinerator. After the stones become hot 
the liquid should be poured on the inside of the 
stone wall and not on the wood or fire. 

1000. Q. What care should be taken in using the incinerator? 
A. (a) Have all garbage in the incinerator completely 

burned.. 



158 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

(b) Do not spill garbage on the ground between 
kitchen and incinerator or on the dirt surround- 
ing the rock wall. 

(c) If it is spilled remove it at once and rake over 
the surface of the ground where it fell. 

1001. Q. What should be done with all dish water or other 

greasy water? 
A. It should be poured in the incinerator as above. 

1002. Q. Why not throw it on the ground and allow it to dry? 
A. It will attract flies and flies will collect and breed in 

ground soiled with this kind of water. 

1003. Q. What should be done with the empty cans? 

A. They should be burned out in the incinerator and 
then smashed so they will not hold water, and col- 
lected each day and taken to the dump or buried, 

1004. Q. What can every man do to help prevent flies from 

collecting in a camp? 
A. (a) Use nothing but the "rears" as you have been 
told before. 

(b) See that every particle of garbage from his mess 
pan goes in the incinerator. 

(c) See that greasy water from washing mess pans 
goes in the incinerator. 

(d) See that all pieces of fruit, candy or anything 
that attracts flies is put in the incinerator and not 
allowed to become scattered around the ground. 

1005. Q. If water for the camp is to be taken from a running 

stream, at what part of the stream would you get it? 
A. (a) For cooking and drinking at a place up stream 
above where it is obtained for any other purpose. 

(b) For washing clothing at a place down stream 
below where it is obtained for any other purpose. 

(c) For bathing below the place where cooking and 
drinking water is taken and above where clothing is 
washed. 



CHAPTER XII 
VENEREAL DISEASE 

1006. Q. Why are venereal diseases so important in the army? 
A. Because they cause more days of duty to be lost than 

any other disease. In 1910 the total days of duty 
lost were the same as if one whole regiment had 
been absent from duty during the entire year, be- 
sides losing the use of these men the Government 
was placed at great expense for their treatment. 

1007. Q. Why are these diseases so important to every soldier? 
A. (a) Because they are diseases that he can avoid and 

if he does acquire them they are due to his own mis- 
conduct. 

(b) Because If he does acquire them he loses his pay 
during the days absent from duty and also has to 
make up the time lost. 

(c) Because they* may become chronic and cause his 
discharge "not in line of duty" or cause him to re- 
quire treatment for years. 

1008. A. Are venereal diseases as common among civilians 

as in the army? 
A. (a) Yes, New York City alone had a quarter of a 
million cases in 1910. 

(b) One in every four cases of blindness are due to 
these diseases. 

(c) One in every four cases of insanity are due to. 
these diseases. 

(d) One in every ten men that marry give their wives 
venereal disease, the majority of them believing 
they have been cured. 

(e) One in every three prostitutes have some form 
of venereal disease in an infectious stage and eight 
out of every ten have these diseases in one form or 
another. 

159 



160 THE .SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

1009. Q. What laws and regulations relative to venereal dis- 

eases affect soldiers? 

A. (a) Every soldier will report to the hospital immedi- 
ately after exposure and receive the prophylactic 
treatment. For failure to do this he will be court 
martialed. 

(b) He will receive no pay for the days lost while 
absent from duty on account of venereal disease. 

(c) His enlistment period will not be completed until 
he has made up the days lost from venereal disease. 

(d) If he is discharged for disability due to venereal 
disease he has no claim for a pension. 

1010. Q. What method should be used to prevent venereal 

disease? 

A. (a) Do not expose yourself to these diseases. Thi: 
is the only sure method. 

(b) If you have not sufficient will power to control 
your passion and are willing to take the chance 
of catching one of these diseases, immediately afte-" 
exposure you should urinate and wash parts thor- 
oughly with soap and water and then report to the 
hospital for the prophylactic. 

(c) If going on pass or furlough for more than twenty- 
four hours, buy an A & N tube at Post Exchange 
for five cents; immediately after exposure urinate 
and wash parts thoroughly with soap and water 
and use medicine in this tube according to directions 
and upon arrival at the post report immediately to 
the hospital. 

(d) Avoid the use of alcohol for it only destroys your 
will power and will cause you to take chances that 
you otherwise would not take. If you must cake 
an occasional glass of beer go to a place that is 
kept clean and sanitary and has no back rooms 
with women there for the purpose of taking your 
money. 

(e) Avoid the company of women whose character is 
questionable. 



VENEREAL DISEASE 161 

1011. Q. What should you remembor if you expect" the pro- 

phylactic to be of any benefit to you? 
A. (a) It must be used as soon as possible after exposure 
and immediately after arrival in the post. Re- 
member that the use of the A & N tube does not 
excuse you from taking the treatment at the hos- 
pital. 
(b) The longer you delay using it the greater chance 
you have of catching disease. 

1012. Q. What kinds of venereal diseases are there? 

A. Three: 1, Syphilis; 2, Gonorrhea; 3, Chancroid. 

1013. Q. What is the cause of syphilis? 

A. It is caused by a germ getting into a break in the 
skin, usually by sexual intercourse, or by kissing 
a person with a syphilitic sore in the mouth, also 
by using eating utensils or drinking cup or smok- 
ing a pipe or cigarette that a syphilitic has used, 
or from getting the discharge from a syphilitic sore 
into a break in the skin; sometimes if the father 
or mother has syphilis the child will be born with 
the disease. 

1014. Q. What stages does the disease go through? 
A. (a) Primary, (first stage). 

(b) Secondary, (second stage). 

(c) Tertiary, (last stage). 

1015. Q. What is the primary stage? 

A. It is the first stage of the disease and is shown by 
the forming of a hard, raised pimple (the chancre) 
from the top of which comes a watery discharge, 
at the place the germs get in the skin, usually around 
the foreskin. 

1016. Q. What is the secondary stage? 

A. It comes later when a rash appears on the skin, the 
throat becomes sore or there are sores in the mouth 
and the hair and eyebrows fall out and the eyes 
become inflamed and painful and there may be pain 
in the joints and bones. 



162 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

1017. Q. What is the tertiary stage? 

A. It may come on within eighteen months after ex^ 
posure or it may not develop for fifteen or twenty 
years, when there may be deep ulcers of the skin, 
disease of the bones or blood vessels, parts of the 
body may become paralyzed or insanity may de- 
velop. 

1018. Q. In what stages is it most contagious? 
A. In the first and second stages. 

1019. Q. What are the dangers from syphilis if it is not prop- 

erly treated? 
A. (a) It will go on to the tertiary stage and some or all 
of the above things develop. 

(b) Between the different stages there are times 
when a man will feel perfectly well and think he 
is cured and he then neglects treatment only to 
find the disease again appear in several months 
or years afterwards. 

(c) It requires such thorough treatment for such 
a long time that the man becomes discouraged and 
neglects treatment. 

1020. Q. Why should you go on sick report at once if you 

find you have such a sore on your penis, sore throat 
or sores in your mouth or a rash on your skin? 
A. Because these are the early signs of the disease and 
the sooner the treatment is started the sooner you 
can be cured. If treatment is commenced early 
and properly carried out syphilis can be cured. 

1021. Q. What is the cause of gonorrhea? 
A. It is caused by a germ. 

1022. Q. How is it carried from one person to another? 

A. In the majority of cases by sexual intercourse, al- 
though it may be carried by the gonorrheal pus 
getting on towels, clothing, hands, or by syringes. 

1023. Q. How would you know if you had contracted gon- 

orrhea? 
A. At first there is a burning or itching sensation in the 



VENEREAL DISEASE 163 

penis just back of the opening in the end, which is 
made worse when the urine is passed and within 
twenty-four hours a thick yellow discharge comes 
from the penis. 

1024. Q. Why should you go on sick report at once if you had 

any of these signs? 
A. Because if proper treatment is started at once it can 
be cured. 

1025. Q. What are some of the things that may result from 

gonorrhea? 

A. Strictures, buboes ("blue balls/' swelling in the groin), 
swelling of the testicle, gonorrheal rheumatism, in- 
flammation of the bladder, inflammation of the ten- 
dons, " blood poisoning," heart disease, or it may be- 
come chronic. (Gleet). 

1026. Q. What care should be taken about the discharge from the 

penis? 

A. (a) A folded cloth or home-made bag or clean to- 
bacco bag with cotton in it should cover the penis; 
all of which should be burned when soiled. 

(b) Wash the hands with soap and water after touching 
the penis or dressing. 

(c) If any of the pus should get into the eye the disease 
develops there and may cause you to lose your 
sight. 

1027. Q. What is the cause of chancroids? 
A. They are caused by a germ. 

1028. Q. How is it carried from one person to another? 

A. Usually by sexual intercourse, or by the pus from one of 
these sores getting into a break in the skin. 

1029. Q. How would you know that you had contracted chan^ 

croids? 

A. There first appears a small blister usually around the 
foreskin, which breaks and leaves a raw inflamed spot 
which later increases in size and becomes covered 
with pus and near this ulcer new ones form. 



164 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

1030. Q. Why should you go on sick report at once if you had 

such a sore? 
A. (a) Because it will keep spreading and new ones form- 
ing unless it is properly treated, 
(b) If not treated early, buboes will form which often 
form abscesses that have to be opened and they 
take weeks or months to heal. 

1031. Q. If you had reason to believe you were developing any 

kind of venereal disease, what should you do at once, 
and why? 
A. (a) Report to a medical officer at once. 

(b) If treatment is started at once the number of days' 
time and pay you lose will be lessened. 

(c) The disease will be discovered at the semi-monthly 
inspection and you then will have to take treatment. 

(d) To attempt to treat yourself or be treated with 
patent medicines or by drug clerks or quacks only 
delays your cure and may result in some dis- 
ability that may cause your discharge. 

(e) You will get the best treatment possible, and the 
Government pays for it. 



CHAPTER XIII 
GUARD MANUAL 

1032. Q. What are the points considered in selecting an orderly? 
A. (a) A soldier will be selected who is the most correct in 

the performance of duty. 

(b) The best in military bearing. 

(c) The neatest in personal appearance and clothing. 

(d) Whose arms and accoutrements are in the best con- 
dition. 

1033. Q. What does the orderly do when he is ordered to fall out 

at guard mount? 
A. (a) He will give his name, company and regiment to the 
Sergeant of the Guard. 
(b) Take his rifle to his company quarters and go at 
once to the officer to whom he is assigned. 

1034. Q. How does he report? 

A. "Sir, Private Smith, Company 'Q/ reports as orderly." 

1035. Q. What should an orderly look out for when he is ordered 

to carry a message? 
A. He should take care to deliver the message exactly as it 
was given him. 

1036. Q. When does his tour of duty end? 

A. When he is relieved by the next orderly. 

1037. Q. Are color sentinels placed on regular posts? 
A. No, sir. 

1038. Q. Are their posts numbered? 
A. No, sir. 

1039. Q. How does a sentinel on the color line call the Corporal 

of the Guard? 
A. "Corporal of the Guard, Color Line. ,, 

1040. Q. Will officers and enlisted men passing the uncased 

colors, salute? 

165 



166 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Yes. 

1041. Q. When do they salute? 

A. On crossing the color line or passing the colors. 

1042. Q. Will a sentinel placed over the colors permit them to be 

moved? 
A. No, except in the presence of an armed escort. 

1043. Q. Who is allowed to touch the colors? 

A. The color bearer only, unless otherwise ordered by the 
commanding officer. 

1044. Q. Will he permit any soldier to take arms from the stacks? 
A. No, except by order of an officer or a non-commissioned 

officer of the guard. 

1045. Q. If any person passes the colors or crosses the color line 

and fails to salute the colors, what will the sentinel 
do? 
A. The sentinel will caution him to do so and if the caution 
is not heeded he will call the corporal of the guard and 
report the facts. 

Privates of the Guard 

1046. Q. What two kinds of orders has a sentinel on post? 
A. General and special. 

1047. Q. What are your general orders? 
A. My General orders are: 

1. To take charge of this post and all government property 
in view. 

2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always 
on the alert and observing everything that takes place 
within sight or hearing. 

3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to 
enforce. 

4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the 
guard-house than my own. 

5. To quit my post only when properly relieved. 

6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who re- 
lieves me all orders from the commanding officer, officer 



GUARD MANUAL 167 

of the day, and officers and non-commissioned officers 
of the guard only. 

7. To talk to no one except in line of duty. 

8. In case of fire or disorder to give the alarm. 

9. To allow no one to commit a nuisance on or near my 
post. 

10. In any case not covered by instructions to call the 
corporal of the guard. 

11. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards 
not cased. 

12. To be especially watchful at night, and during the 
time for challeng ng, to challenge all persons on or 
near my post, and allow no one to pass without proper 
authority. 

L048. Q. In your general orders what is the meaning of the 
word (a) "alert"? (b) "violations"? 
A. (a) Watchful and wide-awake (b) breaking. 

1049. Q. What are colors? 

A. National and Regimental flags carried by foot troops. 
The National color is red, white and blue. The 
Regimental color is blue for Infantry and scarlet 
for Coast Artillery. 

1050. Q. What are standards? 

A. National and Regimental flags carried by mounted 
troops. 
The National standard is red-, white and blue. 
The Regimental standard is yellow for Cavalry and 
scarlet for Field Artillery. 

1051. Q. What is the meaning of the term "cased"? 

A. When colors or standards are folded around their 
staffs and a waterproof case drawn over them they 
are said to be "cased." 

1052. Q. Are all persons of whatever rank required to observe 

respect toward sentinels and members of the guard? 
A. Yes, when they are in performance of their duties. 

1053. Q. What should a sentry do in case anything suspicious 

or unusual happens? 



168 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

A. Report it at once to the corporal of the guard. 

1054. Q. What will he do to all suspicious persons prowling 

around his post? 
To parties creating a disorder near his post? 
To persons who attempt to enter the camp at night? 
A. Arrest them and call the corporal of the guard. 

1055. Q. Are the number, limits, and extent of your post part 

of your General or Special Orders? 
A. Special Orders. 

1056. Q. The limits of your post include what? 

A. Every place I am required to go in the performance 
of my duty. 

1057. Q. How does the sentry carry his rifle when on post? 

A. He may carry it either at the right or left shoulder, 
and in wet weather at the secure. 

1058. Q. Except in case of relief, fire, or disorder, how does the 

sentry call the corporal of the guard? 

A. "Corporal of the guard, No " 

1059. Q. How does he call for relief in case of sickness? 
A. " Corporal of the guard, No , Relief." 

1060. Q. What does a sentry do when he is to be relieved? 

A. (a) He will halt, face toward the relief at a right 
shoulder when it is 30 paces from him. 
(b) Come to a port arms with the new sentry. 
Turn over to him all the special orders relating to 
his post. 

1061. Q. Has any officer the authority to investigate the ap- 

parent violation of regulations by members of the 
guard? 

A. He has. 

1062. Q. When halting or holding communication, in what 

position does the sentry hold his piece? 

A. Port arms, except at night when a person approaches 
dangerously near, when he will hold his piece in the 
position of guard. 



GUARD MANUAL 169 

1063. Q. How does the sentry give the alarm in case of fire? 
A. "Fire, No " 

1064. Q. Should the sentry put out the fire himself? 
A. Yes, if not too great. 

1065. Q. Will he discharge his piece? 
A. Yes, if the danger is great. 

1066. Q. How does the sentry give the alarm in case of disorder? 
A. By calling: "The Guard, No " 

1067. Q. Will he discharge his piece? 
A. Yes, if the danger is great. 

1068. Q. If not engaged in the performance of duty which 

would prevent it, does a sentry salute all officers 
who pass? 
A. Yes, sir. 

1069. Q. How does a sentry salute? 

A. If armed and on post, he halts, piece at right shoul- 
der, faces toward the person to be saluted, when he 
comes within 30 paces and comes to a present arms 
when the person saluted is at the saluting distance. 
At all other times, he will salute with the right hand. 

1070. Q. If armed and not on post how does he salute? 
A. With the rifle salute. 

1071. Q. In ease of the approach of an armed party of the 

guard, the sentinel will do what? 
A. He will halt when the party is about 30 paces from 
him with his piece at the right shoulder, facing 
toward the party. 

1072. Q. If he is not himself relieved at this time what will he do? 
A. He will so place himself that the party passes in front 

of him. 

1073. Q. When does he resume walking his post? 

A. When the party has reached 6 paces beyond him. 

1074. Q. At what distance does a sentry salute? 

A. When the party is at 6 paces or at the nearest point 
to him. 



170 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

1075. Q. During challenging hours when does the sentry salute 

an officer? 
A. When duly recognized and advanced, and again after- 
wards if conversation takes place. 

1076. Q. Is an officer entitled to a compliment when either in or 

out of uniform? 
A. He is. 

1077. Q. Will a sentry in conversation with an officer interrupt 

the conversation to salute other officers? 
A. No, sir, unless the officer to whom he is talking salutes. 

1078. Q. What does a sentry on post do in case he is in sight of 

the flag when it is being lowered at retreat? 
A. He faces the flag and stands at present arms during the 
sounding of "To the Colors," or "The Star Spangled 
Banner." 

1079. Q. What does a sentry do when he challenges? 

A. He advances rapidly toward the person or party 
challenged, when within 30 paces of them will call: 
"Halt, who is there?" and place himself in the best 
position to receive or arrest the party. 

1080. Q. What does the sentry do in case the party challenged is 

mounted? 
A. He calls: "Halt, dismount, who is there?" 

1081. Q. What does the sentry do in case the challenged party 

consists of more than one person? 
A. He calls: "Halt, who is there? Advance one to be 
recognized," and if recognized, he commands, "Ad- 
vance relief" or Advance patrol," as the case may be. 

1082. Q. What does a sentry do in case several parties approach 

his post from several directions at the same time? 

A. All are halted in turn and the senior advanced. 

1083. Q. If a sentry is in conversation with a party and other 

persons approach his post, what does he do? 
A. Halt them in turn and continues his conversation, un- 
less they are senior to the person to whom he is talk- 
ing, in which case he advances them at once. 



GUARD MANUAL 171 

1084. Q. In what order do the commanding officer and officials of 

the guard and others come or rank? 
A. Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day, Officers of the 
Guard, Officers, Patrols, Reliefs, Non-commissioned 
Officers of the Guard in order of rank and friends. 

Special Orders for Sentinels at Guard House 

1085. Q. What orders are the sentries at the guard-house re- 

quired to memorize? 
A. (a) Between reveille and retreat to turn out the guard for 
all persons designated by the Commanding Officer, 
for all colors or standards not cased, and in time of 
war for all armed parties approaching my post, ex- 
cept troops at drill and relief and detachments of the 
guard. 

(b) At night, after challenging any person or party, to ad- 

vance no one but call the corporal of the guard, re- 
peating the answer to the challenge. 

(c) The sentinel at the post of the guard has charge of the 

prisoners except when they have been turned over to 
the prison guard or overseers. 

(d) He will allow none to escape. 

(e) He will allow none to cross his post leaving the guard- 

house except when passed by an officer or non-com- 
missioned officer of the guard. 

(/) He will allow no one to communicate with prisoners 
without permission from proper authority. 

(g) He will promptly report to the corporal of the guard 
any suspicious noise made by the prisoners. 

(h) He will be prepared to tell whenever asked, how many 
prisoners are in the guard-house and how many are 
out at work elsewhere. 

(i) Whenever prisoners are brought to his post returning 
from work or elsewhere, he will halt them and call 
the corporal of the guard, notify him of the number 
of prisoners returning. Thus "Corporal of the 
guard, so many prisoners." 

(j) He will not allow prisoners to pass into the guard- 



172 THE SOLDIER'S CATECHISM 

house until the corporal of the guard has responded 
to the call and ordered him to do so. 

1086. Q. After receiving an answer to his challenge, the sentry 

at the guard-house does what? 
A. Calls: "Corporal of the guard, so and so," repeating 
the answer to the challenge. 

1087. Q. How long does he remain in the challenging position? 
A. Until the corporal has recognized or advanced the per- 
son challenged. 

1088. Q. Does the sentry salute the person or party challenged? 
A. Yes, if that person is entitled to a salute. 

1089. Q. When does he resume walking his post? 

A. As soon as the person has been recognized, advanced or 
saluted. 

1090. Q. What does the sentry do at the approach of the new 

guard at guard mounting? 
A. He calls: "Turn out the guard, armed party." 

1091. Q. If the person named by the sentinel does not desire the 

guard formed he will salute. What does the sentinel 
do? 
A. He will call: "Never mind the guard." 

1092. Q. After calling: "Turn out the guard," does a sentinel 

call: "Never mind the guard," on the approach of an 
armed party? 
A. No, sir. 

1093. Q. In case the guard is already formed, does he still turn it 

out for the person entitled to the compliment? 

A. Yes, sir. 

1094. Q. What will a sentinel at the guard house do in case of fire 

or disorder in sight or hearing? 

A. Call the corporal of the guard and report the facts to him. 

1095. Q. What is a countersign? 

A. A word used as an aid to guards and sentinels in 
identifying persons who are authorized to pass at 
night. It is usually the name of some battle. 



GUARD MANUAL 173 

1096. Q. What is a parole? 

A. A word used as a check on the countersign and given 
only to those entitled to inspect the guard. It is 
usually the name of some general. 

1097. Q. Are countersigns and paroles much used? 
A. They are not. 

1098. Q. What should a sentry do if a prisoner attempts to 

escape? 
A. He should immediately prepare his rifle for firing and 
call "Halt." If the prisoner fails to halt he should 
again call " Halt," and if he fails to halt this time (and 
the sentry sees no other way of stopping him) the 
sentry will fire upon him. 



Index 



PAGF. 

Absences 75 

Ammunition 14 

Articles of War 82 

Bayonet Combat . 89 

Bearers, Flags of Truce 56 

Care of Feet 143 

Care of Leather Equipment 23 

Care of the Health 148 

In Camp 154 

In Garrison 148 

On the March 152 

Care of the Teeth 150 

Cause of Poor Scores 119 

Ceremonies and Inspections 57 

Challenging 170 

Cleaning Rifle 11 

Clothing 73 

Clothing and Shoes 24 

Combat Signals 64 

Company Flags 35 

Company Fund 74 

Deflection and Elevation 113 

Deserters 56 

Desertion 76 

Designation of Enemy 67 

Designation of Targets 123 

Discharges 75 

Discipline 73,85 

Disposal of Garbage 157 

Distribution of Fire , 123 

Don'ts for Shooting 108 

Duties Outpost Sentinels 56 

Escape of Prisoners 173 

Estimating Distance 115 

Field Kit 3 

Finances 79 

Firing Regulations and Definitions 102 

F^st Aid Packet, Use of 131 

175 



176 INDEX 

PAGE 

First Aid in Drowning . . . , 136 

First Aid in Fainting 142 

First Aid in Fractures 134 

First Aid in Freezing , 141 

First Aid in Heat Exhaustion 142 

First Aid in Heat Stroke 142 

First Aid in Poisoning 143 

First Aid in Snake Bite 140 

First Aid in Sprains 134 

First Aid to Burns 141 

First Aid to Wounds 128 

Flies 146 

Breeding Places of 146 

Feeding Places of 146 

Prevention of 147 

Flinching 119 

Gallery Practice 114 

General Orders 166 

General Rules for Drills and Formations 30 

General Service Code 60 

Hemorrhage 128 

Incinerators 157 

Infantry Against Cavalry 43 

Infantry Drill, Definitions 27 

Infantry Equipment, Model 1910 19 

Infected Wounds, Prevention of 16 

Intrenching Tools 16 

Latrines 155 

Lice, Diseases Caused by 149 

Loadings and Firings 40 

Manual of Arms . 37 

Marching 50 

Medal of Honor 77 

Messages 47 

National Air 87 

Night Operations 42 

Oiler and Thong Case 10 

Orderlies and Color Sentinels 165 

Orders, Commands and Signals 31 

Outposts 53 

Parts of Rifle 5 

Parts of the Bayonet 13, 14 

Passes and Furloughs 76 

Patrolling 43 

Pistol Firing 119 

Position and Aiming Drills . . . \ Ill 



INDEX 177 

PAGE 

Position of "Attention" 35 

Post Exchanges 78 

Preliminary Drills, Target Practice 102 

Protection on the March 51 

Punishment 81 

Range of Rifle 12 

Rapid Fire 113, 117 

Regulations 73 

Retirement 77 

Rosters 78 

Rules of Land Warfare 67 

Saluting 85 

School of the Squad 38 

Shooting on the Range 115 

Sick 79 

Sighting Instruction 109 

Signaling 59 

Special Orders of Sentinels at Guard House 171 

Steps and Marching 36 

Surplus Kit 3 

Tent Pitching u 57 

The Tourniquet " 129 

Trenches 16 

Two Arm Semaphore 62 

U. S. History 94 

Use of Cover 14, 41 

Use of Intrenching Tools 16 

Use of Sling 113 

Venereal Disease 159 

Chancroids 161 

Gonorrhea 161 

Syphilis 161 

Weight and Length of Rifle 12 

Windage 105 




THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS 
£ARDEN CITY, N. Y. 



